D 570 

.8 

.C8 M25 

1919 

Copy 1 



Report of the 
STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 



TO THE = 



GOVERNOR OF WASHINGTON 




OF THE 



State Council of Defense 



TO THE 



Governor of Washington 



COVERING ITS ACTIVITIES 
DURING THE WAR 



JUNE 16, 1917 to JANUARY 9, 1919 




PUBLISHED BY THE 16th LEGISLATURE IN COMPLIANCE 
WITH GOVERNOR'S RECOMMENDATION 



OLYMPIA, WASH. 
FRANK M. LAMBORN o^^^d PUBLIC PRINTER 
1919 






STATE OF WASHINGTON 

Office of Governor 
Olympia 



January 15, 1919 

To the Honorable, the Senate and the House of Repre- 
sentatives of the State of Washington: 
I have the honor to herewith transmit to you a copy of 
the report submitted to me by the State Council of Defense 
covering its activities and accomplishments from the date of 
its appointment, June 16, 1917, to the date on which it ended 
its work, January 9, 1919. As I stated in an earlier Message 
to you today, I consider the report a document worthy of be- 
ing printed in sufficient quantity so that it may be available 
to all members of the Legislature, and to others who may de- 
sire a copy of it. I urge that the report be printed. 
Respectfully submitted, 

ERNEST LISTER, 

Governor. 



'". Of 1^. 
iO\/ 25 1919 




ERNEST LISTER 

Washington's War Governor 

Died June 14, 1919. 



Crncgt Visiter 



\jLT AR'S gi'im demands on the State of Wash- 
ington were not satisfied by the outpouring 
of its young manliood over the battlefields of 
France. Governor Ernest Lister risked and lost 
his all ^vith the same steadfast, conscious response 
to America's call as that which carried more than 
fifty thousand of Washington's boys and men into 
the Army and the Navy. His death did not come as 
the result of sudden illness or quick accident. For 
months before the armistice was signed Governor 
Lister forged ahead through the multitude of 
tasks arising hourly, with full knowledge that he 
was paying out vitality which could never return 
to him. After the close of hostilities he plunged 
into the first of the problems of reconstruction 
with the same intense application, heedless of his 
own health. 

To manfully perform a duty, once recognized, 
is a trait essential in any one who does big things, 
but a mental discipline which impels one to a con- 
stant scrutiny of events and to unhesitatingly recog- 
nize and assume responsibility, is rare indeed. The 
keynote of Governor Lister's policy throughout the 
war was found in ceaseless vigilance on the part 
of the nation, the state, the community, the citizen, 
not merely to perform, but to recognize, duty. 



(George ©onalb 

Died March 4th, 1919. 

1^ EORGE DONALD served his country 
throughout the war with the Avell- 
balanced judgment which characterized his 
thirty-five years' service to the State of Wash- 
ington. Quick to j>erceive, slow to speak, with 
ripe wisdom growii on wholesome battling 
with territorial and early-state problems, 
with firmness tempered with Avide tolerance, 
Mr. Donald typified the true Avesterii patriot. 
His skill in quickly arriving at the essentials 
of new problems and his abhorrence of spec- 
tacular methods in meeting them were of 
large and lasting value to the state. It would 
be difficult to choose a more fitting service 
for him to have performed as the last of his 
many contributions to the state than the 
precise service which George Donald did per- 
form during the war. 



FINAL REPORT 

— of— 

WASHINGTON STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 



Page 

PART I. ORGANIZATION 5 

PART II. ACTIVITIES: 

Co-ordination of Patriotic Work 18 

Co-operation in Direct Government Activities. . . 32 

Conservation of Resources 39 

Home Defense 53 

Publicity and Education 63 

Miscellaneous 68 



WASHINGTON STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 
FINAL REPORT 



PART I.— ORGANIZATION 

Membership and Officers. 

On June 16, 1917, pursuant to recommendation of the 
Council of National Defense and the Conference of Gover- 
nors held in Washington, D. C, on May 2 and 3, 1917, 
Governor Ernest Lister appointed the following persons as 
members of the "Washington State Council of Defense : 

Henry Suzzallo, Co-ordination of Societies and Educa- 
tional Institutions, Seattle. 

W. A. Peters, Home Defense, Seattle. 

Charles Hebberd, Food Supply and Conservation, Spo- 
kane. 

Dr. Ernest C. Wheeler, Sanitation and Medicine, Tacoma. 

E- P. Marsh, Labor, Everett. 

A. L. Rogers, Farm Labor, Waterville. 

Mrs. J. S. McKee, Woman's Work, Hoquiam. 

Everett G. Griggs, Lumber, Tacoma. 

J. G. Kelly, Publicity, Walla Walla. 

George Donald, Transportation, Yakima. 

John T. Heffernan, Manufacturing, Seattle. 

W. A. Lowman, Fisheries, Anacortes- 

C. J. Lord, Shipbuilding, Olympia. 

W. E. Boeing, Aviation, Seattle. 

E. S. McCord, Law and Finance, Seattle. 

All of these members served throughout the period of 
the State Council's existence, except Dr. Wheeler and Mr. 
Marsh, Dr. Wheeler was commissioned in the Army Medical 
Corps at Camp Lewis and resigned as member of the Council 
early in May, 1918, because of his inability to attend meetings 
and give the necessary time to his duties with the State Coun- 
cil of Defense. Mr. Marsh resigned as member of the Council 
shortly after his appointment to President Wilson's Labor 
Mediation Board, because of his almost continuous absence 

[5] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

from the state in connection with the Mediation Board's 
duties- Governor Lister appointed William Short, President 
of the Washington State Federation of Labor, to succeed Mr. 
Marsh and appointed W. J. Patterson, of Aberdeen, to fill 
the vacancy occasioned by Dr. Wheeler's resignation. 

At the first Council meeting. Dr. Henry Suzzallo was 
elected Chairman and Director of the State Council of Defense. 
Subsequently the Council authorized him to select a member 
as Vice-Chairman and he appointed Mr. W. A. Peters to that 
office. On numerous occasions Dr. Suzzallo was called out of 
the state on special service for the Federal Government, 
chiefly to assist in investigating and conferring on threat- 
ened strikes and labor disputes, and, later, with preliminary 
plans for the Students Army Training Corps. During the 
three months immediately preceding the armistice, Dr. Suz- 
zallo was obliged to give practically all of his time to special 
work for the War, Navy and Labor Departments, making 
several extended trips to Washington, D. C. From the early 
part of June, 1918, until the signing of the armistice, Mr. 
Peters acted as Chairman and Director of the State Council 
of Defense- 

On July 3rd, 1917, M. P. Goodner, of Seattle, was ap- 
pointed by the Chairman as Executive Secretary and was in 
charge of the office of the Council at Olympia throughoul, 
the period of its activity. 

State Council of Defense Meetings. 

Although the members of the State Council of Defense 
received no compensation for their services and no allowance 
whatever for expenses, sixteen regular meetings of the Coun- 
cil were held, with attendance ranging from ten to fourteen. 
The first and organization meeting was held in Olympia on 
June 25th and 26th, 1917. During the summer and early fall 
of 1917 meetings were held at intervals of two weeks ; later the 
period was extended to an average of five weeks. Of the 
regular meetings, three were held in Olympia, one in Yakima, 
seven in Tacoma and five in Seattle, besides the War Confer- 
ences in Seattle and Spokane in May, 1918. Numerous special 

[6] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

hearings before committees of the Council were held at Yaki- 
ma, Taeoma, Spokane and other cities. 

Scope of This Report. 

The activities outlined in this report are necessarily limit- 
ed to those initiated by the Council or its executive officers 
under general or special suggestions from the Federal or 
State Government. No attempt has been made to cover ade- 
quately the vast field of work performed by the fifteen mem- 
bers of the State Council of Defense in their individual capaci- 
ties, although during the first months of the Council's life the 
individual efforts of the members and those chosen by them 
on their advisory committees constituted a very necessary 
and potent influence in hastening the crystalization of senti- 
ment supporting the Government in prosecuting the war. 
After nineteen months of war, during many months of which 
hundreds of thousands of American soldiers have been on 
foreign soil, our memories are so crowded with vivid pictures 
all witnessing unity of aims and hopes that it is impossible to 
re-live those first weeks of uncertainty through which we 
groped, conscious that thousands of loyal Americans did not 
yet grasp the real meaning of our struggle with Germany. We 
cannot now lift out of the maze those vital moments and 
those vital acts which so quickly drew the clear line between 
patriotism and selfishness, between a short-sighted choice of 
today's false security for tomorrow's lasting peace, but here 
and there in those first days were courageous, clear- seeing 
men and women whose wholesome word and decisive act drew 
around them an ever-widening circle of robust patriots. 
There are few States in the Union where the prompt rallying 
of the people was more vital to the winning of the war. 
Washington's forests of fir, white pine and spruce, her ship- 
yards, her fields of wheat, her fisheries, her orchards and her 
canneries gave her a position of unique importance and the 
huge task of marshalling these assets to the Nation's use was 
begun by small groups of citizens who sprang to action at a 
time when the great majority of the people had slight con- 
ception of the issues involved. 

[7] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

Woman's Part. 

Though a separate report will be made covering the work 
of the department of Woman's Work and the State Division 
of the Woman's Committee of the Council of National Defense, 
a word of appreciation of the really wonderful spirit of co- 
operation everywhere exhibited is not out of place here- 
Throughout the State the loyal women responded to every call 
made, and the gigantic task of carrying the Government's 
messages and appeals into the homes of the people could never 
have been accomplished without the never-failing readiness 
of the women to understand the need and to act. Mrs. Mc- 
Kee won the respect of every member of the State Council of 
Defense with her keen appreciation of the issues involved and 
of the necessity of bringing the issues to every home, with her 
constant endeavor to concentrate all effort on securing prac- 
tical results and her tireless, unselfish labor throughout the 
period of the war. 

Co-operation with Governor Lister. 

During the whole period of the State Council's activi- 
ties, Governor Lister exhibited the keenest interest in the work. 
There was never a time when he was unwilling to give careful 
consideration to .the problems constantly arising for decision, 
and while always willing to express an opinion at no time 
did he attempt to bias judgment of the State Council in for- 
mulating its policies. At times, particularly during the first 
few months of the work, the Council asked the Governor to 
issue statements, spoken or written, to assist in forming public 
opinion behind policies considered important but which were 
not easily inaugurated. Except during the time that the 
Governor's health prevented his active participation in public 
affairs, he was present at every meeting of the Council. 
Aside from the few persons who were in closest touch with 
the situation, the people of the State can have no adequate 
understanding of the multitude of problems which came to 
the Governor's desk for decision. Many of them presented 
features absolutely unique, and that the State escaped disas- 

[8] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

trous instances of mob violence is due largely to the sane, far- 
seeing policy of Governor Lister. 

County Councils of Patriotic Service (County 
Councils of Defense.) 

At the meeting of the State Council of Defense held in 
Yakima on July 2nd, 1917, it was voted to organize a County 
Council of Patriotic Service in each County of the State ; a 
committee of the Council selected a list of thirty-nine tempo- 
rary county chairmen, each of whom was written a personal 
letter asking his immediate action in calling together repre- 
sentative citizens of unquestioned loyalty to organize the Coun- 
ty Council. Within a few days the reports of the preliminary 
organizations began to come in and within a month the great 
majority of the counties had formed County Councils. In a 
few counties, owing to local conditions, it was necessary to 
send personal representatives of the State Council to initiate 
the work. By reason of resignation or the multitude of duties 
laid on the shoulders of two or three of the county chairmen 
their councils never attained that degree of efficiency reach- 
ed in the majority of counties, but on the whole the plan was 
found to be practicable, economical and efficient. The County 
Councils later were designated as County Councils of Defense. 

In order to knit closer together the County Councils and 
various organizations co-operating with the State Council of 
Defense, a joint conference of patriotic workers was held in 
Yakima on October 3rd and 4th, 1917. Many valuable sug- 
gestions were made by representatives of the County Councils 
and the importance of extending the organization into all the 
communities of the State was emphasized. At this convention 
the County Councils assumed the responsibility of carrying on 
the Hoover pledge card campaign throughout the State, under 
the direction of Mr. Charles Hebberd, Federal Food Adminis- 
trator. 

The limited funds available for the use of the State Coun- 
cil made it impossible to send personal representatives to all 
the counties, though the Chairman, Vice-Chairman and Execu- 

[9] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

tive Secretary visited many of the County Councils of Defense 
and assisted in organizing or reorganizing several of tlLcm. 
Mrs. J. S. McKee, member of the State Council, in charge of 
Woman's Work, visited a large number of the counties and 
was of great assistance in carrying on the State Council's 
work. 

Frequent reports from the County Councils were required 
and at intervals questionnaires as to activities under way were 
sent out. With very few exceptions, the organization and 
personnel of the County Councils were as efficient and as 
effective as was possible without large appropriations avail- 
able. In a few counties malicious rumors were started to the 
effect that the Chairman of the County Council of Defense 
was being paid for his services and this belief caused more or 
less difficulty in recruiting volunteers for help in the various 
lines of work. The State Council of Defense procured lists 
of leading citizens in such counties and sent them letters ex- 
plaining the true situation and urging them to render the 
county chairman every possible assistance and to see that the 
public generally understood the sacrifice of time and money 
each chairman was making. 

The amount of time and labor contributed by the Chair- 
men of the County Councils of Defense could not be computed 
in terms of dollars and cents. In no less a sense than a soldier 
detailed to solitary guard duty with but his own loyalty to 
know and applaud his tireless vigilance did these Chairmen 
of the County Councils express their eager patriotism in their 
ceaseless effort. An almost unbelievable total of vital but un- 
interesting and irksome detailed work has been done and the 
men who did it must look for their compensation in the know- 
ledge that they met and endured a real test of loyalty. 

War Conferences. 

Pursuant to request of the Council of National Defense, 
War Conferences were held in Seattle on May 24th and 25th 
and in Spokane on May 27th and 28th, 1918, The programs 
in the two cities were very similar; during the forenoon of 

[10] 



Report of Washmgton State Council of Defense 

the first day sectional meetings were held simultaneously by 
representatives of the following: 

War Savings Committee 

Child Welfare Committees 

Americanization Committees 

Food Administration 

Prosecuting Attorneys and Sheriffs 

Ked Cross 

State, district or county heads of these agencies presid- 
ed at the sectional conferences and after brief formal addresses 
round-table discussions were had, bringing out practical sug- 
gestions for the improvement of the patriotic work over the 
State. 

The afternoon sessions were given over to addresses and 
discussions by Dr. James A, B- Scherer, representing the 
Council of National Defense, and Prof. Guy Stanton Ford, 
representing Committee on Public Information. 

Mass meetings, open to the public, were held in the even- 
ing and addresses delivered by Mr. George B. Chandler, rep- 
resenting the Council of National Defense, and Lieutenant 
Paul Perigord, of the French Army, representing the Commit- 
tee on Public Information. These evening meetings in both 
cities were attended by thousands and were among the most 
enthusiastic of all the public gatherings held during the war. 

The second day of the conferences was given over to a 
joint meeting of the State and County Councils of Defense, 
with a very extended discussion of plans and methods, partic- 
ularly on the following subjects: Policy on War Collections; 
Organization and Work of the Community Councils of De- 
fense; Handling Disloyalty. 

Both in Seattle and in Spokane several hundred repre- 
sentatives of the State, County and Local Councils of Defense 
were in attendance and the inspiration and exchange of ideas 
made possible by the War Conferences resulted in a great 
improvement in the patriotic work over the State. 



[11] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

Local Councils. 

As early as July 19th, 1917, the Washington State Coun- 
cil, appreciating the necessity of having a final point of eon- 
tact between the National and State defense machinery and 
the individual patriot, called on the County Councils to or- 
ganize auxiliaries in every city, town and village. In many of 
the counties this suggestion was immediately adopted and a 
network of local councils was constructed which continued to 
carry the bulk of the patriotic work until the close of the war. 
The State Council printed and furnished to the County Coun- 
cils ''Pledges of Patriotic Service," the signing of which was 
made the sole qualification for membership in the local coun- 
cil in many counties. 

On March 30th, 1918, the State Council of Defense mailed 
to the County Councils of Defense copies of a letter written 
by Governor Lister to Mr. Harold Preston, Chairman of tlie 
King County Council of Defense, recommending that regis- 
trants who had been placed in deferred classifications be or- 
ganized as auxiliary Councils of Patriotic Service throughout 
the State. This plan was followed in King County and was 
found to be most practicable in a large city. The men whose 
physical conditions or circumstances were such as to render 
them exempt from military duty generally felt impelled to 
demonstrate their patriotism by giving an unusual amount of 
their time to patriotic work and in many cases this group of 
men formed the nucleus about which a most active local coun- 
cil of defense was organized. 

In May, 1918, the State Council issued its Bulletin No. 
107, outlining fully the purpose, organization and method of 
local or community Councils of Defense. This bulletin pre- 
sented the view of the State Council as based on its experience 
of the previous ten months' work. The tremendous saving in 
time and effort possible where the Council of Defense ma- 
chinery was used as the universal vehicle for patriotic work 
and the equally important advantage of reaching the loyal 
people of the State directly and quickly through one organi- 
zation were emphasized. Special stress was laid upon the im- 
portance of carefully planning the jurisdiction of the respec- 

[12] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

tive local councils so as to enable every loyal citizen to be- 
come a member of the defense organization. The use of pa- 
triotic leagues or other societies already at work was advo- 
cated, where the local conditions allowed proper remodeling 
to fit the needs of the defense machinery. A form of consti- 
tution was given. The Council of National Defense tele- 
graphed for sufficient number of copies of this bulletin to 
furnish one to each of the State Councils of Defense, and in 
several of the states the form of organization and the general 
explanation of the purposes and methods of the community 
councils of defense were very closely followed. The State of 
Indiana found our plan especially practicable and useful. 

Finances. 

The 1917 Legislature having adjourned prior to the 
United States' entering the war no appropriation had been 
made for the expenses of the State Council of Defense. 
Offices were provided in the Capitol Building at Olympia and 
the salaries of the executive secretary and stenographic force, 
telephone and telegraph expenses, printing and office supplies, 
were paid out of a fund of $5,000.00 which had been appro- 
priated to the Grovernor for investigation purposes. When 
this fund became exhausted, early in the fall of 1918, at the 
request of the Governor five members of the State Council 
of Defense each advanced $500, with the understanding that 
the Governor would request reimbursement by the 1919 Leg- 
islature. 

The majority of the County Councils of Defense paid their 
incidental expenses out of a small fund raised by the members 
themselves. The chairman of the County Councils have expend- 
ed a large amount of their own funds in postage, stenographic 
hire, etc., although the State Council has repeatedly urged 
that these expenses should be otherwise provided for. In 
several larger counties arrangements were made with the 
County Commissioners for the employment of an executive 
secretary and a stenographer and the State Council had con- 
sidered the advisability of asking the 1919 Legislature to 

[13] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

authorize County Commissioners to provide funds for main- 
tenance of County Councils of Defense. 

Committees and Sub-Committees. 

Following the plan recommended by the Council of 
National Defense, Governor Lister, in appointing the members 
of the State Council of Defense, selected them with special 
reference to their qualifications as heads of fifteen specified 
departments, as given on page 5 of this report. Owing to the 
gradual extension of the field of work covered by official 
Federal agencies and in a few instances to the impracticability 
of conducting certain kinds of work because of conditions pe- 
culiar to this State, many of the departments originally named 
were not required to carry on special activities and hence are 
not separately described in this report. The State Council of 
Defense recognized the wisdom of its acting chiefly as a policy- 
making body, functioning through its county and local 
branches, and such committees and sub-committees as were 
found really necessary. With few exceptions, the activities 
of the Council are classified by subject rather than by refer- 
ence to the member, officer or committee under whose direc- 
tion they were carried on. 

The committees and sub-committees whose work continued 
over a considerable portion of the period of the war are as 
follows : 

Committees (in Charge of Members of State Council) : 

Co-ordination, Henry Suzzallo, Chairman; 

Home Defense, W. A. Peters, Chairman; 

Food Supply and Conservation, Charles Hebberd, Chair- 
man; 

Labor, E. P. Marsh, Chairman; later, Wm. Short, Chair- 
man; 

Farm Labor, A. L- Rogers, Chairman ; 

Woman's Work, Mrs. J. S. McKee, Chairman; 

War Economy, C. J. Lord, Chairman; 

Non-War Construction, J. T. Heffernan, Chairman. 

[14] 



Report of WasMvigton State Council of Defense 

Associated Federal Agencies (Specially Organized for War 
Work) : 

Liberty Loan, J, A. Swalwell, State Chairman; 

War Savings, Daniel Kelleher, State Chairman; 

Food Administration, (see Committee on Food Supply) 
Charles Hebberd, Federal Food Administrator; 

Fuel Administration, David Whitcomb, succeeded by 
Winlock W. Miller, Federal Fuel Administrator; 

Red Cross, C. D. Stimson, Director Northwestern Di- 
vision ; 

Explosives, W. G. Ronald, State Director; 

Four-Minute Men, M. P. Goodner, State Director; 

American Protective League, State Inspector S, J. Lom- 
bard ; 

Public Service Reserve, Robert Moran, State Director; 

Boys' Working Reserve, Robert Moran, State Director. 

Sub-Committees. (Appointed by State Council of Defense) : 

Much of the work of the State Council of Defense requir- 
ing expert knowledge or special training along technical 
lines was done by sub-committees appointed by the Chairman 
or members of the Council. At various times the Council 
"borrowed" members of the faculty of the higher educa- 
tional institutions of the State for special tasks extending 
over too short a period of time to require the formation of a 
permanent committee. The following outline will give a gen- 
eral idea of the work of these sub-committees whose activi- 
ties covered a considerable portion of the war period : 

Commercial Economy:. E. F. Dahm, Chairman. Aimed to elimi- 
nate unnecessary deliveries of goods and other personal service re- 
quiring labor needed for more essential work; to reduce working 
hours where necessary so as to allow concerns employing women and 
minors to compete with those employing men; to bring about econo- 
rnies in business to conserve fuel, transportation, credit, labor and 
those materials most needed in winning the war; to educate the 
public to cheerfully bear the inconveniences occasioned by with- 
drawal of men from industry into the Army and Navy. 

War History: Prof. B. S. Meany, Chairman. Compiled history 
of the various counties in the war; collected photographs, news- 
CIS] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

paper and magazine articles, personal letters and various forms of 
material of value from historical standpoint. Committee had special 
representative in every county of the state. Co-operated with Pic- 
torial Section of the War Department. 

Photographic War History: O. L. Angvire (Spokane), Chairman. 
Secured co-operation of photographers of state in collecting for War 
Department large numbers of photographs of men and events of his- 
torical interest. 

War Inventions: Prof. H. K. Benson, Chairman. Studied inven- 
tions and ideas submitted to State Council calculated to be of value 
in prosecution of the war. Several devices were recommended to 
the Federal Government for careful investigation. 

Emergency War Legislation: Prof. Ivan W. Goodner. Compiled and 
digested the laws of all states of the Union, save two, and of Alaska 
and Hawaii, relative to the war emergency. Furnished copy of report 
to Council of National Defense and to several State Councils of De- 
fense by special request. 

Library Co-operation: John B. Kaiser (City Librarian, Tacoma). 
Gathered, compiled and arranged vast quantity of books, magazines 
and pamphlets on patriotic subjects. Investigated and prepared lists 
of articles containing "pro-German" subject-matter. 

Research and Substitute Materials: Prof. H. K. Benson, Chair- 
man. Made scientific study of large number of materials for war 
emergency use. Developed practical use of sphagnum moss in manu- 
facture of surgical dressings; preparation of digitalis from purple 
foxglove for medicinal use; conducted tests for use of fir and other 
materials as substitute for spruce in air-plane construction; devel- 
oped manufacture of explosives and means of producing gas as means 
of warfare; war use of antimony, cryolite, etc; mineral substitutes. 

Civics of Conservation: F. E. Bolton, Director. Assisted Federal 
Government in distributing pamphlets and encouraging the teaching 
by public and private schools of the fundamental principles of demo- 
cratic government involved in the war. 

Radio Buzzer Instruction: C. R. Frazier, Director. Encouraged 
instruction in wireless telegraphy in connection with his duties as 
Federal Director Vocational Education. 

Military Map Making: Prof. Joseph Daniels, Chairman. Work- 
ed directly under instructions from War Department in obtaining, 
digesting and exhibiting in map form exhaustive information as to 
roads, transportation, bridges, natural features, rivers, power lines, 
communications, storage facilities, etc., for war-use. 

[16] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

Highways Transport: W. C. Baldwin, Chairman. Works directly 
under Highways Transport Committee of Council of National Defense 
in encouraging use of motor trucks to relieve congestion on railways 
and to stimulate greater production of food products in outlying 
sections. 

Liberty Choruses and Community Singing: Preliminary arrange- 
ments had been made for the stimulation of this work over the State 
under the direction of H. W. Newton, of Spokane. Co-operation with 
all local organizations already operating and with the Four-Minute- 
Men singing plan was provided for. 

(For committees, departments and sub-committees in Woman's 
Work, see accompanying report of Mrs. J. S. McKee.) 



[17] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

PART II. 
ACTIVITIES OF THE STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE. 

The work of State, County and Community Councils of 
Defense may be classified under the following general sub- 
jects : 

Co-ordination of Patriotic Work, 

Co-operation in Direct Governmental Activities, 

Conservation of Resources, 

Home Defense, 

Publicity and Education, 

Miscellaneous. 

Co-ordination. 

The State Council of Defense from the first keenly appre- 
ciated the importance of a wise co-ordination of the multitude 
of activities begun throughout the Nation immediately after 
our entering the war. Not only has this work been the most 
important function of the defense organization, but for a 
number of reasons it has been the most difficult and sometimes 
harassing task of the many undertaken. While the over- 
whelming majority of the people of the State felt the neces- 
sity of laying aside personal ambition and vanity in order to 
make concentrated effort possible, the extremely small frac- 
tion of one per cent whose selfishness or stubborn vanity has 
at times seemed greater than their patriotism, has brought to 
the State and County Councils of Defense some of the most 
unpleasant and disheartening situations of all that were en- 
countered in the work. 

The resolution of the Council of National Defense adopted 
November 2nd, 1917, to the effect 'Hhat voluntary patriotic 
organizations and committees in each state work through and 
under the guidance of the State Council of Defense" was of 
great assistance in co-ordinating the multitude of activities 
which arose during the first few months of the war. In one 
or two counties some slight disagreements arose through the 

[18] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

tendency on the part of the County Council of Defense to 
consider the word "co-ordinate" as synonymous with "man- 
age," but in the great majority of cases all concerned were 
more than willing to have one central body survey the field 
and indicate the scope of work for each organization. 

In a few counties this co-operative spirit was so effective 
that it became an impossibility to carry on any line of war 
work without the approval of the County Council of Defense 
and as in those counties the councils were composed of a very 
representative group of men working steadily toward a com- 
mon end, there was no possibility of an improper use of this 
strength. 

Discouraging Duplication of Effort. 

The State Council of Defense attempted to keep on file 
accurate information concerning the purpose and methods of 
all important organizations carrying on war work in the state. 
With truly American independence the great majority of or- 
ganizations had given little or no consideration to the im- 
portance of studying the field carefully before commencing 
work, though with few exceptions they cheerfully furnished 
the necessary information upon request. 

During the early fall of 1917 several apparently conflict- 
ing requests for assistance to the Army Commission on 
Training Camp Activities were received. Requests were 
presented by various representatives of the Commission who 
apparently were operating on independent instructions and 
without a proper degree of co-ordination. The confusion be- 
came so great that the State Council was obliged to advise 
the representatives of the Commission that the active as- 
sistance of the State and County Councils could be had only 
where all requests for such assistance were presented by a 
state director or manager to be designated by the Commission 
for all its work in this state. The matter was also taken up 
with the State Councils section of the Council of National 
Defense and shortly afterward Mr. A. W. Leonard of Seattle 
was appointed State Director of Soldiers Welfare and since 
that time no confusion has arisen. 

[19] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

Not merely because of limited funds, but through a de- 
sire to conserve the time and labor of the patriotic workers of 
the state, a great many activities carried on in other states, 
but not considered of first importance, were not begun in the 
state of Washington. For example, the State Council of 
Defense discouraged the registration of women and refused 
to authorize the universal registration of patriotic citizens for 
war work- The State Council repeatedly urged the federal 
authorities to cancel plans which called for work not consid- 
ered vital to this state. Among these was the registration 
carried on by the United States Public Service Reserve. So 
long as this registration was confined to the listing of actual 
ship-workers, mechanics, engineers and other men especially 
needed to assist the Government in its war industries, the 
State Council considered it advisable and was glad to offer 
its machinery to assist in the work. But it developed that the 
plan involved the registration of every man who was loyal to 
the Government. This, in the opinion of the State Council of 
Defense, destroyed the value of the plan and while there 
was undoubtedly a certain gain in the wide publicity given 
and the display of the badge as an outward symbol of the 
wearer's patriotism, we still believe that the energy expended 
would have been of a great deal more benefit along other 
lines. Undoubtedly hundreds of men registered in the Public 
Service Reserve believed that the Government would call them 
as soon as they were needed. It is not unreasonable to think 
that many of these men might have volunteered for active 
service in the ship yards or otherwise had they not felt that 
they were following the government's wishes in awaiting a 
call. This opinion was justified by the publicity given; the 
registrants under the Public Service Reserve were warned 
over and over again "to stay on their jobs until called." A 
universal registration of this kind was bound to result in 
collecting a great mass of statistics which could never be 
effectively used in such an emergency as existed at the begin- 
ning of 1918. 

Undoubtedly a certain percentage of the work taken up 
by the State Council proved to be impracticable or at least 

[20] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

of small relative importance, but the Council has at no time 
insisted on proceeding with work simply because it had been 
begun, and every bulletin which was issued to the County 
Councils had been carefully considered and was believed to 
be essential to some important activity. A number of tasks 
suggested by the Council of National Defense were obviously 
inapplicable in this state and were not begun. 

Solicitation of Funds. 

Acting under the resolution of the Council of National 
Defense, which directed the State Council of Defense to super- 
vise all public appeals for funds for war work, the State 
Council gradually evolved a policy covering the whole field 
of war donations. 

Early in 1918 the applications for the State Council's 
approval to various campaigns for war funds became so nu- 
merous that the subject required by far the greater portion 
of the attention of the executive officers and the State Coun- 
cil itself. On March 9th the following statement was issued: 

"The Washington State Council of Defense offi- 
cially disapproves of all drives, campaigns and ap- 
peals to the public for war funds, between March 
15th and June 15th, 1918, except the following : 

1. Liberty Bonds 

2 . War Savings Stamps and Certificates 

3. Red Cross 

The State Council of Defense urges all patriotic citi- 
zens to make liberal investments in War Savings 
Stamps and Certificates and in Liberty Bonds, and to 
make generous contributions to Red Cross Funds." 

This was found to be of very material aid in the sale of 
Liberty Bonds, War Savings Stamps and particularly in the 
Red Cross Campaign in May. Many minor campaigns for 
funds were discouraged and several were definitely discon- 
tinued because of the State Council's belief that they would 
interfere with the Government's own financing and the Red 
Cross needs. 

The various features of its policy on war donations were 
compiled and on June 25th, 1918, issued as Bulletin No. 114. 

[21] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

This bulletin explained tlie authority of the State Council of 
Defense in passing on the solicitation of funds for patriotic 
work, set forth fully the forms of solicitations which ought 
and ought not to require the State Council's approval, an- 
nounced definitely that no campaign for the support of insti- 
tutions not organized primarily for war work should be com- 
bined with an appeal for funds for war work; fixed the 
method of establishing the quotas of each county and in the 
state to be used in all state-wide campaigns; authorized the 
County Councils to fix the quotas of smaller sub-divisions; 
prohibited the collection by any organization (except the Eed 
Cross) of any money in excess of the quota fixed for any 
county in the state and outlined the method of applying for 
the approval of the State Council for proposed campaigns or 
drives for funds. 

In some instances it was found that local organizations, 
such as Chambers of Commerce or Commercial Clubs, had 
approved of campaigns for funds in a single county in an 
amount greater than the State Council considered was proper 
to be raised in the whole state. The prevalent plan in fixing 
the quotas had been to consider only the ease with which the 
money might be obtained, with the inevitable result that 
where the organization carrying on the campaign happened 
to have its most efficient representatives the quota was cor- 
respondingly large. This resulted in certain communities and 
certain individuals within each community being solicited over 
and over again while large portions of the state and the great 
majority of the people at large received little or no personal 
appeal. 

The original schedule of county quotas was based on an 
impartial average of percentages of assessed valuation, bank 
deposits and school population in their respective ratios to the 
state at large. Owing to poor crops and to heavy loss in man 
power in various counties in Eastern Washington, the State 
Council of Defense later revised its quotas by allowing a re- 
duction of one-third to six counties considered to be the most 
seriously affected by adverse conditions. This reduction was 
absorbed by fourteen counties in "Western Washington which 

[22] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

were enjoying unusual prosperity, due directly to war 
industries. 

Although the policy of the State Council on the subject 
of war donations brought upon it some of the bitterest criti- 
cism to which it was subjected at any time, the members of 
the Council firmly believe that its policy was in every respect 
correct and that had the war continued it would have become 
necessary to exercise an even greater restriction in passing 
upon requests for approval to solicitations. It was found 
that the enthusiasm of individuals responsible for a given 
patriotic work almost inevitably blinded them to the import- 
ance of all other war work and allowed them unconsciously 
to adopt methods which could but injure other patriotic 
work. Because of the tremendous and spontaneous response 
of the people to the first calls of the Red Cross, Y. M. C. A. 
and other great organizations, soon after the beginning of the 
war, apparently the saying that this nation's resources were 
inexhaustible was literally believed. The situation would 
have been serious enough if the Government's financing could 
have been carried on without appeal to the public, but with 
the necessity of selling billions of dollars in Liberty Bonds 
with the accompanying necessity of educating millions of 
people to become investors, an endless succession of appeals 
for donations for war work of a minor importance threatened 
to prove a serious obstacle to the carrying out of the Govern- 
ment's financing. 

Second only to the Government's own requirements was 
the need of the Red Cross. The financial assistance rendered 
the families of the soldiers and sailors by the Red Cross Home 
Service Section aggregated an amount of which the average 
citizen has not yet the slightest conception- The large amount 
of money needed for relief work to the civilian population 
in France, Belgium and other stricken countries is, of course, 
more widely known. 

Early in the fall of 1918 came the announcement of the 
combined appeal for funds by seven organizations doing sol- 
diers' welfare work under the auspices of the Army and Navy 



[231 



Report of WasJvmgton State Council of Defense 

Commission on Training Camp Activities, and this added one 
more reason for the strict control of the subject. 

Although various organizations from time to time made 
strenuous objections to certain features of the State Council 
policy, particularly to the rule which limited a campaign to 
the amount originally fixed as the state and county quotas, 
the public generally appreciated the importance of some one 
central body supervising and controlling the collection of 
money for war work. Some doubt was expressed in the begin- 
ning as to the ability of a body acting without legal powers 
to enforce its regulations. It was found that the mere with- 
holding of approval to a campaign was sufficient to induce 
the applicants to abandon their plan. In a very few instances 
persons who were not informed as to the necessity for secur- 
ing such approval began the active solicitation for contribu- 
tions, but found it impossible to proceed after the State or 
County Council issued a simple statement to the effect that 
the campaign had not been approved. 

The activities of the Red Cross were expressly excepted 
from the authority given the State Councils by the Council 
of National Defense, both as to the general co-ordination of 
patriotic work and to the solicitation of funds from the public, 
and hence no attempt was made to limit the collection of 
money by the Red Cross to the amount originally fixed as its 
quota in the state or in the respective counties. At the express 
request of the Council of National Defense and because of the 
strong showing made by the state committee in charge of the 
United War "Work campaign in November, 1918, the 
State Council of Defense finally yielded and waived its pro- 
hibition of oversubscriptions so far as that campaign was 
concerned, but this waiver was not given because of any 
change of the members' belief in the soundness of the policy. 
Owing to the prevalence of "Spanish influenza" and the prob- 
ability that an armistice would be signed during the week set 
for this campaign, there was strong reason to believe it would 
be impossible to collect even the quota fixed, unless the rule 
against oversubscriptions was waived. 



[24] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

Although there is much of sentiment involved in the whole 
subject of contributions for war work and war relief, the 
State Council has felt that in the final analysis the subject 
should be treated on business-like principles and pursuant to 
a policy comprehensive enough to enable every patriotic citi- 
zen to estimate closely the total amount which he could afford 
to give outright and feel that it was being allotted to the 
various movements in the proper proportion. 

Approved Solicitations. 

After the State Council of Defense was authorized to 
approve or disapprove the collections of funds for war work, 
the following organizations applied for and received the 
Council's approval to campaigns for funds: 

Y. M. C. A. 

Armenian-Syrian Relief 

Knights of Columbus 

Commission on Training-camp Activities. 

Jewish Welfare Board 

Western Washington W. C. T. U. 

State Board of Health 

Salvation Army 

Aid, Civil and Military, France and Belgium 

Commission for Belgian Relief 

American Bible Society 

United War Work 

Y. W. C. A. 

Following the adoption of its definite policy on collections 
of war-funds, as each campaign was approved the State Coun- 
cil prepared and sent to the County Councils a formal notice 
of the approval and a list of the county-quotas (in dollars and 
in percentages). Although the County Councils were asked to 
assume the responsibility for the detailed work of the cam- 
paign in only a very few instances, the defense machinery 
was at all times ready to assist the various organizations in 
raising their funds. In many instances the County Councils 
of Defense voluntarily conducted the campaign and remitted 
their full quota through the State Council without awaiting 
a request for assistance by the organization concerned. This 

[25] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

was especially true with reference to the Salvation Army 
campaign for the year ending October 31st, 1918, and the 
campaigns of the American Bible Society and Armenian- 
Syrian Eelief Committee. 

Fund for Combating Contagious Diseases. 

Early in the fall of 1918 the State Council requested the 
County Councils to raise a fund of $12,000 to be expended 
under the direction of Dr. T. D. Tuttle, State Commissioner 
of Health, in combating contagious diseases, $2,000 of the 
amount to be used in educational work on the subject of 
venereal diseases. The numerous campaigns for funds and 
the signing of the armistice resulted in this campaign being 
omitted in several counties and a total of approximately 
$3,200 was paid or pledged. 

Combined Patriotic Fund ("War Chest"). 

On November 21st, 1917, the State Council of Defense 
appointed a committee consisting of Governor Lister, Chair- 
man Suzzallo and Secretary Goodner to plan and put into 
effect a Combined Patriotic Fund, to be followed throughout 
the state, if found practicable after full consideration. This 
committee had already made an extensive study of the sug- 
gested plan and was working it into shape for submission to 
the County Councils of Defense when it developed that several 
communities in the state had voluntarily concluded to adopt 
the "War Chest" as the most efficient method for raising 
funds for soldiers' welfare and war -relief work in general. 
Considerable opposition to the plan arose in various sections 
of the state. The majority of those objecting to the plan 
were representatives of organizations who were planning to 
conduct extensive campaigns for funds and who were of the 
opinion that with their own organizations they could obtain 
larger amounts than might be allowed them under the Com- 
bined Patriotic Fund scheme, though the announcement by 
the State Council of Defense shortly afterwards that all 
solicitations would be limited to the quota allowed by the 
Council would have eliminated the objection. 

[26] 



Report of WasJimgton State Council of Defense 

It was the intention of the State Council to encourage 
the adoption of the Combined Patriotic Fund plan in every 
part of the state, using either the county or the city as the 
unit, depending upon local conditions. Much delay was occa- 
sioned by the frequent campaigns during 1918 for Liberty 
Loans, War Savings and various organizations doing patri- 
otic work here and abroad. "With each successive campaign 
the State Council was urged to postpone the adoption of the 
new plan and rather than to risk injuring any of the drives 
the County Councils of Defense in most instances had, up to 
the time of the armistice, simply postponed the actual launch- 
ing of the new method. Many of the County Councils had, 
however, practically concluded to proceed with the plan dur- 
ing the first ''lull" and the early months of 1919 would in all 
probability have brought a majority of the counties under the 
Combined Patriotic Fund. 

The Cowlitz County Council put the plan into effect, using 
the county as the unit. The method suggested by the State 
Council of Defense was closely followed. This involved the 
securing of subscriptions to a joint fund, payable in monthly 
installments. While $1.00 a month was recommended by the 
State Council as the minimum, the Cowlitz County plan 
brought in subscriptions ranging from 25 cents to $25 per 
month. This fund was held in trust and paid out to such or- 
ganizations, in such amounts and at such times as were in 
accordance with the approval of the State Council and the 
Cowlitz County Council of Defense. Within thirty days after 
the actual solicitation was begun, enough subscriptions had 
been obtained to insure the success of the movement; three 
volunteer solicitors for each school district and five in each 
town were found sufficient to complete the canvass. During 
the intensive period of the work about 2700 individual sub- 
scriptions were procured and approximately 300 were obtained 
shortly afterwards. The total subscriptions would have yield- 
ed $50,000 per year, which was approximately twice the 
amount which the county had contributed to war-funds under 
the former method. 



[27] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

Although subscribers were allowed to designate certain 
purposes to which their money should, or should not, be 
given, it was found that less than one per cent of the contrib- 
utors were unwilling to abide by the decision of the State and 
County Councils of Defense and permit their money to be paid 
out in such proportions as those bodies deemed best. So far 
from the plan proving too cold-blooded and mathematical, as 
many of its opponents believed would be true, exactly the 
opposite effect was felt — the knowledge that the burden was 
equitably distributed, carefully prepared for and justly ex- 
pended, and that time and money were not being wasted in a 
multiplicity of campaigns, and the monthly setting aside of 
the agreed amount by each subscriber all proved a most effec- 
tive stimulus to all other forms of patriotic work. 

Thurston County adopted a similar but partial plan. 
Much smaller monthly subscriptions were solicited under a 
plan which contemplated caring for only the ''minor war re- 
lief movements." This was not intended to include the Red 
Cross, Y. M. C. A. and other larger organizations requiring 
very considerable sums of money. Fairly uniform subscrip- 
tions of ten cents a month were obtained — an amount so small 
as to seem absolutely inadequate for any real financial call. 
But even on so modest a scale did the combined patriotic fund 
idea prove its worth. Hundreds of subscribers paid a year's 
subscription with their first installment, thereby reducing the 
labor involved in making collections. And this plan enabled 
the Thurston County Council of Defense to meet each of the 
following calls for funds, without conducting a special cam- 
paign : Y- W. C. A. ; Salvation Army ; American Bible Society ; 
Armenian-Syrian Relief. 

No doubt Thurston County would have taken the logical 
step and enlarged the plan to cover all calls for war funds, 
as in Cowlitz County, had the plan continued. 

Several cities in the state were operating very success- 
fully under a similar method. Aberdeen and Anacortes par- 
ticularly found it possible to raise amounts far in excess of 
original estimates and several times the totals donated during 
the twelve months preceding the adoption of the plan. The 

[28] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

methods used and results obtained in Aberdeen were intensely 
interesting and instructive. In that city, two separate funds, 
with installment-subscribers to each, were maintained. The 
original fund was devised to sustain the local Ked Cross chap- 
ter and was supported very largely by working men and 
women who paid 25c each week. Subsequently a second fund 
was launched, supported by the merchants, professional men 
and owners of the large industrial plants, to care for the city's 
quota on the various state and national campaigns. 

After studying the "War Chest" idea as illustrated in 
this state during the past few months, it is difficult to escape 
the conclusion that it should be adopted for the maintenance 
of many or all of the ordinary charities which constitute so 
serious a problem in the average American city. Nor can this 
belief be dispelled by the bald statement that such a plan 
would render the giving of charity a mere perfunctory tax- 
payment devoid of the sentiment and lasting interest which 
surround the relief of the suffering. 

Formal Reports on Collections. 

Partial reports of funds collected by the various organi- 
zations were obtained by the State Council of Defense from 
time to time. In October, 1918, at the request of Governor 
Lister, State Bank Examiner Lewis H. Moore, acting as Audit 
Committee for the State Council of Defense, communicated 
with all organizations known to have solicited funds for war 
work and requested a full and detailed formal report. This 
plan was to have been followed during the continuance of the 
war, accompanied by publicity to encourage the careful ac- 
counting of funds collected and the reduction to a minimum 
of incidental expenses connected therewith. 

Red Cross Co-operation. 

From the first the State Council strongly favored the 
widest possible use of the Red Cross as the chief agency for 
war relief at home and abroad. It was the Council's constant 
effort to discourage every attempt on the part of other organ- 

[29] 



Report of Washmgton State Council of Defense 

izations to carry on work which the Red Cross was willing to 
assume- 

Realizing that many phases of the work of the Red Cross 
were new and that the public generally had only the vaguest 
idea of the relation of this work to the morale of the soldiers 
and sailors, the State Council used every means possible to 
bring about a wider understanding of the work. The County 
Councils of Defense were repeatedly urged to see that the 
Home Service Section received all needed assistance and that 
the families of the men in service were made to realize that 
the function of this Section was of far greater importance 
than the mere rendering of financial assistance. The County 
Councils were asked to appoint special committees to study 
this question locally. 

In December, 1917, the machinery of the State, County 
and Community Councils of Defense was placed at the dis- 
posal of the Anti-Tuberculosis Association in the sale of Red 
Cross Christmas seals. The Minute Women rendered especi- 
ally fine service in this campaign. 

From time to time reports received indicated that a great 
deal of work was being done by volunteers in producing 
articles for soldiers and sailors which did not meet the re- 
quirements of the War and Navy Departments. Many of these 
reports came at times and from places where the Red Cross 
was having difficulty in securing a sufficient number of 
women workers to supply its needs and the State Council of 
Defense called on the County Councils and a large number of 
women's organizations throughout the state to render the Red 
Cross all needed assistance and to discourage women from 
carrying on similar but independent work, so long as the Red 
Cross needs were not fully met. 

In spite of continuous effort of the Red Cross itself, and 
the State and County Councils to bring before the public a 
clearer understanding of the function of the Home Service 
Section, there is still an almost universal lack of knowledge 
on this subject. This is undoubtedly one of the by-products 
of the tendency to encourage the organization of new ma- 
chinery for each new task, followed by an appeal to the pub- 

[30] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

lie for funds with which to carry on the work. Had the dan- 
ger of this multiplicity of organizations been promptly recog- 
nized and squarely met by the national authorities — as seemed 
to have been one of the aims in forming the defense machin- 
ery — the wide scope of the Red Cross work would have been 
brought before the public and rendered many times more 
effective. If the universal co-operation of patriotic civilians 
was essential to the winning of the war in the shortest possible 
time, the underlying principle upon which all of our efforts 
were based, it does not seem unreasonable to believe that the 
war might possibly have been terminated even earlier had the 
necessity for actual co-ordination and concentration of effort 
been more widely recognized. 

Early in 1918, at the request of the Council of National 
Defense, the State Council of Defense undertook to procure 
loyalty reports on persons desiring to go abroad as represen- 
tatives of the American Red Cross. The securing of these re- 
ports in several counties required so large an amount of time 
that the County Councils of Defense formed special commit- 
tees for the work. 

To supplement similar service by the Home Service Sec- 
tion of the Red Cross, the State Council asked the County 
Councils to form local committees of lawyers to donate a por- 
tion of their time to assisting drafted men, enlisted soldiers 
and sailors, in closing up their business affairs, making their 
wills, etc. The work of these local committees was carefully 
planned so as to avoid duplicating that of the legal members 
of the Red Cross Home Service Section, which was at all times 
recognized as the agency having primary responsibility. 

League to Enforce Peace. 

In September, 1918, the State Council of Defense endorsed 
the aims and plans of the League to Enforce Peace and au- 
thorized the County Council of Defense to assist the League 
in carrying on its work in this state, thereby avoiding the 
necessity of forming a complete, new organization. No re- 
quest for specific assistance had been received up to the time 
of the signing of the armistice, however- 

[31] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 



CO-OPERATION IN DIRECT GOVERNMENTAL 
ACTIVITIES. 

In general, each of the subjects included under this 
classification was in the direct control of a well-organized 
and official federal agency with its own representatives placed 
wherever needed for local work and the efforts of the State 
and County Councils of Defense were therefore supplemental 
only. The conservation of food, fuel and resources generally 
logically fall under this classification, but are described under 
the heading of "Conservation of Eesources" in view of the 
more detailed supervision by the councils of defense. 

Liberty Loan. 

During the second, third and fourth Liberty Loan cam- 
paigns the State Council of Defense consistently urged the use 
of the county and local Councils of Defense as the logical 
vehicle for the conduct of the routine work, under the imme- 
diate direction of the state and county liberty loan commit- 
tees. In each successive campaign the defense machinery was 
used to a greater extent. In several counties the liberty loan 
committees used the Councils of Defense exclusively in this 
work, merely issuing statements of quotas to the chairman of 
the County or Local Councils of Defense. 

Discouraging Exchange and Re-sale of Liberty Bonds. 

At the request of the National Council, the County Coun- 
cils were requested to locate and follow up all specific in- 
stances where persons or firms advertised to accept Liberty 
Bonds in payment for merchandise or encouraged purchasers 
of Liberty Bonds to dispose of them. Warnings were issued 
against exchanging Liberty Bonds for other securities and 
publicity given to the Government's desire that the bonds be 
retained by the original purchasers except where sale was re- 
quired by real necessity or misfortune. 

[32] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

War Savings. 

The State Council of Defense has kept in close touch with 
the State Director of War Savings and from time to time has 
called on the County Councils of Defense to assist in huilding 
up the sales of thrift and war savings stamps. In several coun- 
ties the chairman of the Council of Defense was also County 
Director of the War Savings, At the time the armistice was 
signed the State Council was planning a series of meetings of 
the Community Councils of Defense to be held in every part of 
the state for the purpose of stimulating interest in various 
important activities, chiefly along the line of economy. Very 
particular stress was to be laid upon the work of the War 
Savings Committee and a number of detailed plans and 
methods for encouraging the purchase of savings stamps were 
to be issued. The State Council of Defense throughout all its 
work felt that the purchase of war savings stamps offered 
the logical way of demonstrating the practical results of the 
several economy programs initiated by the Federal Govern- 
ment. 

Farm Survey. 

In February, 1918, at the request of J. C. Scott, Farm 
Help Specialist for the Department of Agriculture, the State 
Council of Defense asked the County Councils of Defense to 
take charge of the farm survey under the direction of the 
Department of Agriculture in those counties in which there 
were no agricultural agents. The State Council also secured 
the consent of Mrs. Preston, State Superintendent of Public 
Instruction, to call on the school authorities for assistance in 
the work and in many districts the school children were of 
great assistance in securing the necessary information from 
their parents and neighbors. The survey resulted in obtain- 
ing a large mass of very important information regarding 
comparative areas under cultivation during 1917 and 1918, 
increase or decrease in live stock and statistics as to seed re- 
quired. 

In those counties where there were Agricultural Agents 
the County Councils of Defense were asked to appoint a 
special committee to assist the County Agent. 
—3 [ 33 ] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

Selective Service. 

On various occasions the County Councils of Defense 
have been asked to furnish volunteers to assist the local draft 
boards and so far as known this service was rendered where- 
ever needed. On June 19th, the State Council of Defense, 
with the assistance of Capt. Irving W. Ziegaus, State Draft 
Officer, issued to the County Councils of Defense, a detailed ex- 
planation of Ma j. -Gen. Crowder's Work or Fight order, effec- 
tive July 1st, 1918. The exact intent of the order and its 
application to a large number of specific occupations or em- 
ployments classed as non-productive were set forth and the 
importance of using the order to assist in meeting the farm, 
labor problem was emphasized. 

Instructions to Drafted. Men. 

At the request of the War Department, transmitted 
through the Council of National Defense, and in close co- 
operation with T. D. Tuttle, State Commissioner of Health, 
and F. P. Foisie, the Division Director of Civilian Relief for 
the Red Cross, the State Council of Defense prepared a detail- 
ed series of suggestions for the guidance of the County Coun- 
cils of Defense in holding meetings of drafted men at which 
trained speakers were to present the following subjects to the 
drafted men, prior to their leaving for the training camps : 

Dangers of venereal disease ; 

Functions of the Commission on Training Camp Activi- 
ties; 

Provisions of the Soldiers' and Sailors' Civil Relief Act 
and the compensation and insurance law; 

Information service, legal, financial and medical assis- 
tance to families by the Red Cross. 

Special attention was given to the unscrupulous methods 
of certain claim agents and attorneys who were charging 
compensation for services rendered beneficiaries under the 
war risk insurance law. 

In August, 1918, the State Council, at the request of the 
War Department, transmitted through the Council of National 

[34] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

Defense, and in co-operation with the Division of Civilian 
Relief of the Red Cross, issued a call to the County Councils 
to join the Local Draft Boards in organizing Boards of In- 
struction, to give drafted men information as to health, legal 
rights. Red Cross functions, etc. Had the war continued, 
these Local Boards would have become of very great value, 
particularly to the men drawn into the army pursuant to the 
registration of September 12th, 1918, including men under 21, 
with greater need of instruction as to health, and men over 
31, whose business affairs would naturally require greater 
attention to prevent losses. 

As the importance of these instructions became more evi- 
dent, the State Council of Defense in September arranged to 
co-operate with the State Commissioner of Health and the Red 
Cross in sending speakers over the state who would meet 
large groups of drafted men at a large number of central 
points and furnish them with specific information on the 
various subjects regarded as most important by the War De- 
partment. These special meetings were also to serve as in- 
structions to the members of the local boards of instruction 
who were expected to continue the work thereafter. These 
special meetings were not held, owing to the influenza epi- 
demic and the signing of the armistice on November 11th. 

Recruiting. 

On May 17, 1918, Dr. Suzzallo, Chairman of the State 
Council of Defense, communicated with the principals of all 
high schools in the state urging them to do everything in their 
power to fulfill the wishes of the Secretary of War as ex- 
pressed in his letter of May 8th, addressed to the Presidents 
of all institutions of collegiate grade. This letter explained 
in detail the new plan for the enlistment of students over the 
age of 18 who would not be called to active duty until they 
had reached the age of 21, unless urgent military necessity 
compelled an earlier call. These plans aimed, first, to de- 
velop a large body of young men in the colleges into a military 
asset, and, second, to prevent wasteful depletion of the col- 

[35] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

leges through indiscriminate volunteering by offering to the 
students a definite and immediate military status. 

Aviation. 

In the midst of an almost complete tie-up of the lumber 
camps, the State Council secured from the lumber operators 
their agreement to pool their labor and camps and center their 
work entirely upon securing spruce logs. This did not be- 
come necessary, however, through the partial failure of the 
strike. The agreement of the operators extended to the opera- 
tion of their mills in producing the necessary spruce. During 
the early days of the aviation program, when the shortage of 
spruce was most acute, W. B. Boeing, member of the State 
Council of Defense, and owner of the only aviation plant 
in the northwest, worked out specifications for aviation spruce, 
which, if adopted, would have resulted in a very material 
economy in supply. 

Camouflage Division. 

The Whatcom County Council of Defense suggested to 
the State Council of Defense the possibility of using discarded 
purse seine netting for camouflage work; the State Council 
passed the suggestion on to the National Council, which in 
turn took it up with the Camouflage Section of the War De- 
partment- After considerable correspondence and experimen- 
tal work with samples furnished by the Washington Fisheries 
Association, the officers in charge requested that all available 
supply of the netting be gathered together, and at the request 
of Mr. W, A. Lowman, of the State Council of Defense, the 
Washington Fisheries Association undertook the task. Several 
tons of the netting were collected and at the time the armis- 
tice was signed the material was ready for shipment to the 
War Department. Had the war continued this would likely 
have proved of great value to the Government. 

Public Health. 

In March, 1918, the State Council of Defense, at the re- 
quest of the State Commissioner of Health, T. D. Tuttle, 

[36] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

mailed to the County Councils copies of a letter from Col. 
Field, Health Officer at Camp Lewis, appealing to all local 
authorities, and particularly to physicians and health officers, 
to exercise the most scrupulous care in protecting the soldiers 
from contagious diseases. The County Councils were asked 
to get into immediate touch with the County Commissioners 
and Mayors of cities in order that active health officers might 
be provided in every part of the state. 

In June, 1918, the State Council of Defense was asked by 
the State Commissioner of Health to co-operate in carrying 
out a new plan of the United States Public Health Service for 
the protection of the military camps and posts. The health 
officers of the army camps were experiencing great difficulty 
in controlling contagious diseases because of carelessness on 
the part of the health authorities in the various communities 
of the state in allowing soldiers and sailors on parole to visit 
homes where there were contagious diseases and return to 
camp without notice to the army health officers. Under the 
new plan the local health officers were required to notify the 
senior medical officer of the camp or post concerned whenever 
a man was about to go to camp or post from a home or com- 
munity in which he had been exposed to a communicable 
disease. Physicians generally were required to exercise 
greater care in reporting cases of communicable diseases, par- 
ticularly where a man about to go or return to camp had pos- 
sibly been exposed- 

The County Councils of Defense were asked to get in 
touch with county health officers and emphasize the great 
importance of rigidly enforcing the laws and regulations as 
to reports on contagious diseases and the details of the new 
plan of the United States Public Health Service. 

Ship Building. 

At the time the State Council of Defense was organized, 
C. J. Lord, of Olympia, was named as chairman of the depart- 
ment or committee on ship building and he had made full 
preparations to keep the State Council in the closest touch 
Avith the various ship building plants of the northwest. Almost 

[37] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

immediately afterwards the Federal Government sent its rep- 
resentatives to the state and from that time on the whole sub- 
ject was directly in the government's hands, both as to steel 
and wooden ships. Mr. Lord's committee therefore confined 
its efforts entirely to assisting in an auxiliary capacity in the 
ship building program. 

Housing. 

The State Council of Defense took no direct part in the 
efforts made to improve the housing conditions in those cities 
in the state where industries had brought a large influx of pop- 
ulation, because it was found that where the situation was 
acute, local agencies were best equipped to solve the problem. 
The County Councils in those parts of the state were asked 
to keep in close touch with the situation and report in case 
the local authorities were not meeting the shortage as efficient- 
ly as seemed possible. Wherever war industries had led to the 
rapid growth of population the system of transporting war- 
workers broke down. This was particularly true in Seattle 
and to a considerable degree in Tacoma. Federal authorities 
communicated to the Chairman of the State Council of De- 
fense to the effect that further contracts would not be given 
to those communities unless the transportation problem was 
dealt with. Acting with the County Council of Defense for 
King County several conferences were held with representa- 
tives of the municipalities, traction company, industry, labor, 
etc., which finally led to the adoption of a plan by which 
many expedients were worked out for handling the traffic. 
The local committee for Pierce County achieved an equally 
significant and valuable result for Tacoma. 

Miscellaneous. 

At the request of the Council of National Defense, the 
State Council transmitted to small County Councils a request 
that certain photographs, drawings and descriptions be sent 
to the War Department at Washington, D. C- All material 
giving information of a military nature concerning the por- 
tions of France, Belgium and Luxembourg occupied by the 

[38] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

German forces and all that part of Germany lying west of the 
line running north and south through Hamburg was requested. 
The County Councils of Defense were called on to form 
local committees of lawyers, bankers, abstractors, mortgage 
and real estate brokers to maintain constant vigilance in dis- 
covering enemy-owned property, whether money, chattels, se- 
curities, lands or otherwise. 



CONSERVATION OF RESOURCES. 



Increased Production of Food. 

From the first, the State Council of Defense adopted the 
policy of relying on the food administration and the official 
agencies of the state and federal governments to adopt and 
carry out programs to increase food production. It is believed 
that this plan was the only proper one in a state having the 
diversified agricultural and horticultural interests found in 
"Washington. In furtherance of this policy, the State Council 
of Defense urged the County and Community Councils to 
render every possible local assistance to representatives of the 
Washington State College and the state and federal Depart- 
ments of Agriculture, and undoubtedly this policy produced 
greater practical results than would have been possible had 
the State Council attempted to carry out programs of its own. 

The State Council of Defense in July, 1917, requested the 
assistance of the Governor in securing the appointment of 
County Agriculturists in all the counties of the state where 
such appointments had not already been made. 

The Council urged all school authorities to permit and 
direct teachers of domestic science to alter their courses of 
study so as to emphasize strongly the teaching of canning 
and drying and general conservation of food; the County 
Councils of Defense were requested to organize "Hoover Can- 
ning Clubs" for preserving and drying fruits and vegetables 
and the Washington State College was requested to place its 

[39] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

specialists and the County Agriculturists at the disposal of 
these clubs. Later, when the Agricultural College sent its 
demonstrator over the state in the interests of canning and 
preserving, the County Councils were of considerable assist- 
ance in securing the attendance of women upon these demon- 
strations. 

On many occasions the State Council made special efforts 
to secure Congressional action to hasten the completion of 
irrigation projects in the State, particularly the extension of 
the Sunnyside Canal. 

Mr. George Donald, member of the State Council, particu- 
larly interested in transportation, used every possible means 
to encourage the construction of additional storage facilities 
throughout the grain belt of the state, to assist in preventing 
the shortage in crops. Hundreds of new elevators and grain 
houses were constructed during 1917 and 1918. 

Oonservatlion of Food 

Prior to the appointment of Mr. Hebberd as Food Admin- 
istrator, Mrs. J. S. McKee, in charge of "Woman's Work, had 
issued suggestions for the saving of wheat, meat, fats and 
sugar. The State Division of the Woman's Committee of the 
Council of National Defense, to which the first "Food Pledge 
Campaign" had been assigned, had turned the task over to 
the National League for Woman's Service and Mrs. McKee 
called on the County Councils of Defense to assist in the work 
of securing signatures to the pledge cards. The State Council 
of Defense printed and distributed thousands of these cards 
through the County Councils. 

In August, 1917, the State Council of Defense communi- 
cated with the bakers of the state to further the movement 
already begun to discontinue the practice of returning unsold 
bread. It was found that the bakers were glad to accede to 
this request when its importance was explained. 

Early in the fall of 1917 it came to the notice of the State 
Council of Defense that there was threatened a serious short- 
age in the supply of apple boxes. Immediate inquiry was di- 
rected to the box factories and the principal fruit growers' 

[40] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

associations in the state as to how it would be possible to 
remedy this situation. A large number of suggestions were 
promptly received. These were carefully considered by prac- 
tical mill men and fruit growers and shortly afterwards a 
conference was held in Spokane. During an all-day session, 
a series of variations from the standard specifications for 
apple boxes were adopted. These were immediately sent to 
all box factories in Washington, Oregon and Idaho, and all fac- 
tories were urged to exercise their ingenuity to the utmost 
to meet the situation. The result was a very large increase 
in the output of box shooks, and so far as known no apples 
were lost through inability to secure containers. During the 
critical period of this shortage, the State Council of Defense 
assisted a large number of growers in getting in touch with 
box factories still able to furnish shooks. 

The State Council of Defense assisted the food adminis- 
tration early in 1918 in securing the co-operation of mill men 
and fruit growers to avoid a similar situation arising the fol- 
lowing fall. 

In co-operation with Mr. Hebberd, State Food Adminis- 
trator, a meeting of the fruit growers and box factory men 
was held in Spokane in November, 1917. Specifications for a 
standard apple box were very carefully considered and unan- 
imously approved. These specifications made no change 
whatever in the size or cubical contents of the boxes, but dealt 
entirely with the thickness and width of the various pieces 
used. Certain variations, clearly defined, were voted allow- 
able in cases of emergency. Fruit growers and fruit associa- 
tions all over the northwest were repeatedly urged to place 
their orders early for boxes needed for the 1918 crop. 

Later on commission dealers in the state were called upon 
to make every effort to conserve perishable food remaining 
unsold and to turn over to canning clubs perishable products 
which otherwise would be allowed to waste ; the County Coun- 
cils were requested to give this subject attention in the inter- 
est of food economy. 

The members of the County Councils of Defense, and par- 
ticularly the Minute Women, were called on in May, 1918, 

[41] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

to assist in securing signatures to the "No Wheat Pledge," 
under which housekeepers obligated themselves to use no 
wheat (except for children and invalids) until the harvest 
of 1918. 

One of the most difficult situations which arose constantly 
in the work was that of encouraging the continuous and 
hearty support of members of the county or local Councils of 
Defense who did not readily appreciate that the fundamental 
purpose of the food administration was to increase and con- 
serve the supply rather than to bring about a reduction in 
prices in this country. This task was particularly perplexing 
during the first few weeks following the food administration's 
issuance of rules regarding the use of wheat substitutes. "With 
very few exceptions, however, it was found that the members 
of our branches quickly appreciated the true situation when 
the facts were clearly explained. 

Labor. 

At the beginning of the war, it became apparent that one 
of the largest problems with which the State Council of 
Defense would be confronted was the necessity of keeping 
up labor efficiency. The program of maintaining a maximum 
efficiency in those industries most essential to the war emer- 
gency comprised two sets of problems: First, keeping labor 
"on the job" continuously and effectively, through the avoid- 
ance of strikes, lockouts and discontent; second, recruiting 
and maintaining an adequate supply of labor to fill the places 
of the men withdrawn from normal activities by the operation 
of the Selective Service Act. 

The first series of problems immediately assumed a sinis- 
ter importance. The increasing cost of living prompted work- 
ers in all lines to seek higher wages; the possibility of early 
strikes, rumors of profiteering in food and other essentials 
and the general turmoil accompanying a nation's transition 
from peace to war combined to reduce the effectiveness of 
labor and a serious slo wing-down in war industry seemed un- 
avoidable. During this early period the Federal Government 
had not perfected its machinery for labor adjustments and in 

[42] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

consequence the State Council of Defense was called upon to 
meet industrial emergencies. 

The assistance rendered the Government in meeting these 
problems passed through three phases : First, in direct action 
by members of the State Council in avoiding or settling strikes 
where there was no federal agency to deal with them; second, 
in assisting the government to organize its own agency and to 
begin work with it, in this state ; and third, assisting the well- 
established official agencies of labor adjustment. During the 
earliest weeks of the State Council's existence, Governor 
Lister, the Chairman, Dr. Suzzallo, Vice-Chairman, Mr. Peters, 
E. P. Marsh and representatives for labor and manufacturers 
were constantly engaged in an endeavor to avert strikes in 
industries of fundamental importance, touching agriculture, 
lumbering, including spruce; shipbuilding, loading and un- 
loading vessels, transportation, communication including tel- 
ephone and other public services, such as gas supply- The 
experience and sound judgment of Henry M. White, U. S. Com- 
missioner of Immigration, and A. H. Younger, State Commis- 
sioner of Labor, were of great value to the state and nation 
during the troublesome period immediately following the 
outbreak of the war. Their work in settling labor difficulties 
in the canneries was especially effective. 

The first specific problem involving danger of strife be- 
tween labor and its employers was in the construction of the 
cantonments at Camp Lewis. The War Department Adjust- 
ment Commission dispatched to this state Dr. Carleton H. 
Parker as their special representative. Through the co-opera- 
tive efforts of Dr. Parker, the Chairman of the State Council 
of Defense and various representatives of the War Depart- 
ment and the Federal and State Departments of Labor, prac- 
tically all labor difficulties at Camp Lewis were averted, 
though seventeen or eighteen strikes were threatened. Dr. 
Parker's tireless labor during those weeks was of almost in- 
calculable value to the War Department. 

Almost coincident with the labor difficulties • at Camp 
Lewis came the strike for the basic eight-hour day in the 
lumber industry. Fir lumber was urgently needed for can- 

[43] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

tonments both in this state and in the east- Many of the 
lumber operators could not supply the lumber for which they 
held contracts, owing to the fact that the strike extended into 
their camps, plants and mills. Dr. Parker, representing the 
War Department in labor difficulties interfering with the con- 
struction of cantonments on the Pacific Coast, presented the 
matter to the group of contracting lumbermen, through the 
courtesy of Mr. George H. Long of Tacoma, who called the 
meeting. The difficulty in securing lumber for the quick 
construction of this much needed cantonment was met by a 
joint act of patriotic unselfishness which stands out almost 
unparalleled in the war. The men who held contracts for lum- 
ber and could not fill them voluntarily turned them in and 
they were then reissued to those who had valuable supplies 
of stock standing in their yards and shops- 

Although the immediate demand for lumber for the can- 
tonments was in this way met, the strike was rapidly spread- 
ing over the state and affecting every kind of industry which 
was dependent to any extent upon itinerant labor. By the 
middle of August threats were freely made that vast fields of 
grain in eastern Washington would never be harvested, that 
the lumber camps and mills could never again operate except 
under radically changed conditions and that unless the strik- 
ers' demands were granted the transportation facilities of the 
state would be rendered useless. Though in many respects 
there was just ground for complaint by the workers, the 
greater part of the agitation was unquestionably fomented by 
pro-Grerman agents and irresponsible foreigners who were at 
heart enemies of democratic government. The issues were 
naturally blurred. Chiefly by reason of the wide advertising 
given the I. W. W. element, the strike became popularly 
known as the "I. W. W. strike." 

The State Council of Defense conducted an inquiry into 
the causes of the strike, especially as it affected agriculture 
and lumbering. After continuous effort upon the part of 
Governor Lister and extensive hearings by the State Council 
of Defense, the lumber strike remained unsettled, greatly re- 
tarding fir and spruce output. The federal commission, 

[44] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

headed by Secretary of Labor Wilson, came to the City of 
Seattle with the hope of adjusting the same dispute, but 
without success. 

Finally, after numerous interchanges, conducted by the 
Chairman of the State Council of Defense, by mutual agree- 
ment between the War and Labor Departments and the chair- 
man of the labor policy committee of the lumber operators 
the whole question of the adjustment of wages, hours and 
working conditions in the lumber industry was left to the 
decision of General (then Colonel) Brice Disque, in charge of 
the Spruce Production division of the Signal Corps. He or- 
ganized the Loyal Legion of Lumbermen & Loggers, and the 
subsequent conferences of representative members of this or- 
ganization, including both employers and employees, led to 
the removal of all grievances, labor efficiency was restored 
and a sufficient supply of airplane spruce and shipbuilding 
fir guaranteed. General Disque established the basic 8-hour 
day, for which the strike was originally called. 

Through the efforts of the Chairman of the State Coun- 
cil of Defense, assisted by the Economics Department of the 
University acting as special investigators as to economic fact, 
the policy of conciliation and mediation in labor disputes was 
continuously applied to every threatened or actual difference 
as to wages, hours and working conditions. The Chairman 
was chosen as neutral arbitrator in the settlement of the street 
car strike involving the systems in Tacoma and Seattle. 

Offsetting Draft Calls in Industry 

The second series of problems connected with the labor 
supply of the state, that of filling the vacancies in essential 
industry occasioned by the drafts of men into the National 
Army, grew constantly more difficult as the war progressed. 
The superimposition of war industry upon the labor power 
of the state required the reduction of labor demands by those 
industries less essential in time of war. The only successful 
method which the State Council of Defense could employ was 
to discourage the consumption and therefore the production 
of non-essential goods. The actual provision of new labor 

[45] 



Report of WasMngton State Council of Defense 

supplies depended upon three sources : first, the return to 
active work by men who had retired; second, the use of 
women as substitutes for men; third, the employment of 
young men and women who ordinarily would be in the higher 
schools in industry, commerce and agriculture without serious 
interference with their education. Throughout the whole of 
the State Council's deliberations on the multitude of questions 
arising, the inevitable strain of the reduced man-power was a 
chief consideration. The lines of work in which the Council 
undertook to meet the situation and the methods and policies 
devised were of so various a nature that they are treated at 
length under other subjects herein. 

Farm Labor. 

On June 25th, 1917,the State Council of Defense went on 
record as opposed to the importation of Chinese labor for 
agricultural purposes, believing that the available labor 
supply of the state would be sufficient for all needs if proper- 
ly distributed and used. Throughout the whole period of the 
war, A. L. Rogers, in charge of the Farm Labor department 
of the State Council, maintained stoutly that the potential 
labor power of any state and any community was many times 
greater than the power normally exerted, and that the chief 
duty of the State and County Councils of Defense lay in the 
stimulation of local effort, rather than in attempting to bring 
about a general movement of labor over the state or into the 
state or in the curtailment of production. Except during the 
periods of the year when the agricultural sections normally 
draw on other communities for extra labor, every farming and 
horticultural community in the state was able to plant, care 
for and harvest its crops during the 1917 and 1918 seasons, 
by drawing on its normally unused labor supply. Women, 
boys and girls, retired farmers, merchants, professional men 
and clerks from near-by towns cheerfully responded to the 
nation's call for food, and no really serious situation devel- 
oped. 



[46] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

State Harvesters' Leagfue. 

The Washington State Harvesters' League was organized 
early in the summer of 1917 to assist in meeting the anticipat- 
ed shortage in farm labor, due to the war needs. The expenses 
of the League's operation were paid entirely by private indi 
viduals, Mr. Frank Waterhouse and Mr. R- H. Parsons con- 
tributing the greater portion. Under the direction of Mr. 
"Waterhouse as Chairman and Mr, Welford Beaton as Secre- 
tary, the League carried on a very active campaign during 
1917 to induce men and women living in cities, particularly 
Seattle, to spend a part or all of their summer vacation on the 
farms or in the orchards in eastern Washington. Special mov- 
ing picture films were prepared and exhibited over the state. 
These showed scenes in the agricultural and horticultural dis- 
tricts of the state, with men and women from the cities at 
work, picking and packing apples and other fruit, haying, 
harvesting, etc., and proved to be a most effective means of 
arousing the needed interest. Mrs. Katherine Blackall trav- 
eled over the state representing the League, giving lectures 
and practical suggestions as to needed improvement in the 
quarters furnished transient help, sanitary conditions and 
emphasizing the necessity for each community using to the 
utmost its own labor before calling on other parts of the state 
for help. 

Registration of men and women willing to spend a portion 
of the summer in agricultural work was maintained at Seattle 
and many hundreds of persons were registered. Excellent 
newspaper publicity accompanied each feature of the League 's 
plan and beyond question its efforts brought the problem to 
the attention of thousands at a time when the situation was 
acute. 

Following the Farm Labor Conference called by the State 
Council of Defense in February, 1918, at which it was agreed 
that no agency other than the U. S. Employment Service 
should direct the actual transfer of labor from one part of the 
state to another, the State Harvesters' League confined its 
efforts during the 1918 season to co-operation in bringing be- 
fore the people of the state the need for an increased local 

[47] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

effort in meeting the farm labor problem and in arranging 
and placing small groups of women and girls desiring to work 
in the orchards and berry fields of the state, in co-operation 
with the U. S- Employment Service. A large number of such 
groups were formed and suitable employment given under 
carefully inspected living conditions. The work of the State 
Harvesters' League was of very great value to the state, not 
merely in the educational effect at a time when seriously need- 
ed, but in the actual release of men for the army and war in- 
dustries by the employment of women and older men. 

Early in 1918 it became evident that so many agencies, 
federal and otherwise, were about to adopt policies to meet 
the farm labor shortage that some control must be exercised 
in order to avoid confusion and waste of labor supply. Ac- 
cordingly, the State Council of Defense called a conference 
which was held in Seattle on February 26th. The following 
were present: 

Dr. Henry Suzzallo and A. L. Rogers, representing the 

State Council of Defense ; 
Henry M. White, IT. S. Immigration Commissioner and 

District Director of Federal Employment Service; 
Lawrence Wood, (Assistant to Mr. White), in charge of 

Federal Employment Offices in this state; 
John C- Scott, U. S. Farm Help Specialist ; 
Robert Moran, State Director U. S. Public Service Re- 
serve ; 
M. L. Dean, Chief of Division of Horticulture, represent- 
ing the Department of Agriculture in the state; 
Gordon Corbaley, Executive Secretary, and H. Y. Saint, 
(State Development Bureau), representing ; Seattle 
Chamber of Commerce; 
A. M. Linklater, of Puyallup, representing the Washing- 
ton State College, Pullman; 
Welford Beaton, representing the State Harvesters' 
League. 

It was found that each of the agencies represented at the 
meeting had been making plans to assist in conserving and 
distributing the labor supply for the agricultural districts. 

[48] 



Report of Washiirngton State Council of Defense 

After an extensive discussion, it was unanimously voted that 
the system in use by the Federal Employment Offices under 
Mr. White and Mr. Wood should be the exclusive means by 
which labor should be distributed over the state. All other 
agencies were to be made supplementary to the U. S. Employ- 
ment Service. John C. Scott, U. S. Farm Help Specialist, was 
designated to take entire charge of installing sub-agencies 
in each county of the state so as to broaden and supplement 
the U. S. Employment Service. This work of organization 
and supervision was to be conducted through the County Agri- 
cultural Agents, with the support and assistance of the Coun- 
ty Councils of Defense. Mr. Scott was to designate offices 
for the special work in the four counties of the state which 
had made no provision for County Agricultural Agents, mak- 
ing temporary appointments in the counties where provision 
was made for the Agricultural Agents, but no appointments 
had yet been made. 

This plan proved to be most practicable and although 
many complaints of shortage in labor were received from time 
to time it is our belief that no crop was lost through inability 
to secure help. 

Late in March, Henry M. White and Lawrence Wood, 
representing the United States Employment Service, called on 
the State Council of Defense for help in recruiting farm labor- 
ers. At all times in touch with the United States Employment 
Service, the State Council of Defense began a campaign, act- 
ing through the County Councils of Defense, to release for 
farm work idle men engaged in occupations which were obvi- 
ously non-essential or which could be filled by women, and also 
to induce retired farmers to return to agricultural work so 
long as the war lasted. The program of the Department of 
Agriculture for increased production in 1918 was also given 
wide distribution. 

John C. Scott, U. S. Farm Help Specialist, visited the 
chairmen of the Councils of Defense in each of the agricul- 
tural counties of the state and in most of the counties assisted 
in the forming of small committees to carry on a careful can- 

—4 

[ 49 ] 



Report of Washmgton State Council of Defense 

vass to reach able-bodied men who should be at work on the 
farms- 
Gen. Crowder's "Work or Fight" order was issued a few 
weeks after the State Council had commenced its active cam- 
paign to recruit farm labor and from that time on the problem 
was greatly simplified. 

Boys' Working Reserve. 

In the fall of 1917, the State Council of Defense commu- 
nicated with several hundred industrial plants throughout the 
state to ascertain whether or not the organization of a boys' 
working reserve would be of practical assistance in meeting 
the threatened labor shortage. The State Council's conclu- 
sion was that for the season of 1918 the activity was not 
needed, but owing to repeated requests from the National 
Director, the State Council recommended the appointment of 
Mr. Robert Moran, he having already been appointed State 
Director of the Public Service Reserve. 

Fuel Conservation. 

In September, 1917, prior to the appointment of the 
State Fuel Administrator, the State Council of Defense called 
on the County Councils to canvass the fuel dealers and 
secure definite information as to the supply of coal 
and firewood on hand. The information obtained was 
turned over to Mr. David Whitcomb after his appointment 
as Fuel Administrator for the state. Mr. Whitcomb 's ap- 
pointment was recommended by the State Council and in 
choosing his county representatives he relied almost entirely 
upon the recommendations of the County Councils. His suc- 
cessor, Mr. Winlock W. Miller, also used the State and County 
Councils of Defense wherever possible, in his work. 

Unnecessary Conventions and Meetings. 

In response to many requests for a statement of policy 
regarding the holding of state conventions and other public 
gatherings, the State Council of Defense adopted and publish- 
ed a resolution discouraging the holding of conventions and 

[50] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

unnecessary gatherings during the war; that where conven- 
tions were regarded as essential their programs be confined 
strictly to the transaction of business and that all unnecessary 
entertaining of delegates and other display and advertising be 
omitted. 

Commercial Economy. 

The Commercial Economy movement in this state was be- 
gun by the State Council's calling on the County Councils to 
induce merchants to eliminate unnecessary deliveries of goods 
and to reduce as much as possible the prevalent practice of 
allowing goods sold to be returned. (See report on Sub- Com- 
mittees-) 

Conservation of Credit. 

Continuous publicity was given to the fact that the early 
winning of the war depended largely upon the universal exer- 
cise of economy in the use of transportation facilities, capital, 
credit, labor and those raw and manufactured materials es- 
sential to the prosecution of the war. Various statements 
of the President, the Secretary of the Treasury and the Fed- 
eral Reserve Board as to the proper control of credit and is- 
suance of corporate securities were given wide publicity 
through the County Councils of Defense. 

Non-War Construction. 

During the four weeks immediately preceding the sign- 
ing of the armistice the section, or sub-committee on non-war 
construction, under the direction of R. H. Thompson and his 
assistant, F. T. Bradley, of Seattle, was extremely active. 
The Non-War Construction Section of the "War Industries 
Board in October began the application of principles which 
had been announced as early as March, 1918, pursuant to 
which manufacturers and dealers in building materials had 
obligated themselves to deliver materials only when author- 
ized under permits issued by the War Industries Board. These 
permits were withheld from all projects not directly needed 
by the Government in prosecuting the war, with a few spe- 
cific exceptions which seemed necessary in order to avoid a 

[51] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

wide disruption in business or municipal affairs. The prin- 
ciples guiding this committee in exercising the discretion al- 
lowed under the "War Industries Board regulations were gradu- 
ally forming, and it is probable that by the end of the year 
the amount of labor and material being expended in the state 
for "non-war" projects would have been reduced to the mini- 
mum, except where it clearly appeared that the labor and ma- 
terials involved could not possibly be needed for war activi- 
ties. Immediately after the signing of the armistice the War 
Industries Board began repealing various features of its poli- 
cies and by December 1st the section's functions had entirely 
disappeared, all restrictions on construction of any nature 
having been removed. 

Had the war continued Mr. Thompson would have asked 
the State Council of Defense to appoint county directors of 
non-war construction and it is probable that a state-wide sur- 
vey of conditions would have been made to determine whether 
or not projects already under way should have been allowed 
to proceed to completion. 

Boots and Shoes. 

Early in November the War Industries Board called on 
the State and County Councils of Defense to assist in securing 
pledges of dealers throughout the state that they would han- 
dle boots and shoes only in the styles and at the prices fixed 
by the War Industries Board. This program was terminated 
almost immediately by reason of the signing of the armistice. 
The County Councils of Defense were compiling the lists of 
dealers and arranging to canvass them for pledges when noti- 
fied that the program had been dropped. 

War Economy in General. 

As the necessity for a more careful economy of resources 
became emphasized, the State Council of Defense formed a 
War Economy Committee consisting of the state directors of 
the Liberty Loan and War Savings Committee, Fuel and Food 
Administrators, the chairman of the sub-committee on Com- 

[52] 



Report of Washmgton State Council of Defense 

mercial Economy and John T- Heffernan, member of the State 
Council representing Non-War Construction. 

A series of meetings of the Community Councils of De- 
fense to emphasize specific economy programs were planned 
and about to be launched when the armistice was signed. 



HOME DEFENSE. 



In the fall of 1917, pursuant to the request of the Council 
of National Defense, the State Council prepared a report as to 
the methods used in handling the illegal phases of the labor 
situation during the summer and early fall of 1917. A copy 
of this report is attached hereto. (See Appendix A.) 

Protection of Property. 

During the first few months of our work we found a 
very general tendency toward hysteria in a few communities 
in the state. For a time the Governor and the State Council 
were besieged with applications for detail of troops to guard 
warehouses, mills and other property from threatened incen- 
diarism. In a few instances the Governor was urged to de- 
clare martial law. The members and executive officers of the 
State Council of Defense were in constant touch with the Gov- 
ernor and were at all times in entire accord with his policy 
on this subject. The underlying idea throughout all the work 
of the Council during the first six months was to stimulate 
the County Councils and all local authorities to an apprecia- 
tion of their responsibility for the solution of local problems. 
The withholding of troops where the need was not clearly 
established undoubtedly served to build this sense of local re- 
sponsibility. But some of the most caustic criticism of the 
State Council has arisen through its unwavering belief in the 
wisdom of the policy followed. 

Home Guards. 

Washington, like many other states of the union, found 
itself with very inadequate legal machinery for the organiza- 

[53] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

tion of any form of militia or home guard defenses to take the 
place of the National Guard. Immediately upon the declara- 
tion of war, the Second Washington Regiment of the National 
Guard became automatically a part of the National Army. 
In August, 1917, the State Council of Defense passed a reso- 
lution requesting the Governor and the Adjutant General to 
form one or more regiments of the Militia Reserve of the state, 
as provided by law, and calling on the sheriffs and prosecut- 
ing attorneys of the several counties to take energetic steps to 
preserve peace in their districts and particularly to protect 
all food supplies. 

Adjutant General Thompson, at Governor Lister's request, 
organized sixteen companies of infantry and one machine-gun 
company- These were mustered in under Colonel William Mc- 
Clure, as the Third Washington Regiment. This regiment 
was subsequently federalized under a construction placed upon 
the United States statute governing all of the militia and so 
remained during the war. These men were subject, under the 
law, not only to service within the state, but to render national 
service anywhere in the United States, on call of the Federal 
authorities. 

In order to supplement this Militia Reserve, Governor 
Lister made use of the power given to him by statute, by 
granting permits to organize units of Home Guards. These 
were issued for the period of the war and only to citizens 
whose loyalty was vouched for by a written endorsement of 
the chairman of the County Council of Defense in the county 
of the applicant's residence, lists of names of members, offi- 
cers, addresses and occupations being filed with the Governor 
and with the department of Home Defense of the State Coun- 
cil of Defense. Under this plan, many companies of Home 
Guard units were organized throughout the various counties, 
the head of each such organization being a Captain. 

These companies were equipped from funds of local sub- 
scription and patriotic citizens. Many of them became well 
perfected in drill and in the elementary military movements 
and formed the nucleus for protection of the different locali- 
ties against threatened disorder and lawlessness, but to a 

[54] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

greater extent and to a more practical purpose they were of 
valuable service in assisting the war activities, the operation 
of the Red Cross, the Liberty Loan and other drives, and in 
maintaining the morale of loyalty and patriotism in their com- 
munities. By this method there was a basis of protection pro- 
vided without withdrawing able-bodied men from active in- 
dustries to maintain a citizen soldiery. 

Soon after the declaration of war, the Federal Govern- 
ment adopted the general policy of guarding railroads and 
railroad property and water transportation, docks, etc., in ad- 
dition to munition plants, using armed guards from the Na- 
tional Army for the purpose. There were rumors quite gen- 
eral throughout the country of plots to destroy railroad 
bridges and public property and a number of munition plants 
were actually blown up. This seemed to excite in the minds 
of the public generally a fear for the safety of business prop- 
erty, and especially logging camps and lumber mills in this 
region, and there were urgent and incessant demands from 
all quarters upon the Governor to furnish armed troops to 
guard these properties. Had the Governor yielded to such 
demands, the state would have been put to a very great ex- 
pense for which there was no appropriation to cover, and the 
public would have only been encouraged in its tendency to 
disregard all confidence in the responsibility of the sheriff 
and police officers. On the other hand, the Governor employ- 
ed a secret service force of from five to ten men who operated 
throughout the state, kept fully in touch with all troubles and 
mischief that were brewing and all rumors of disloyal or un- 
patriotic movements and in most instances prevented the for- 
mation of disturbances at the very inception. This handful of 
men was more effective in preventing trouble in mining and 
logging camps, farming communities and I. W- W. centers 
than could have been suppressed by five hundred men under 
arms had the trouble been allowed to break out. 

Fire Prevention. 

One of the first subjects to which the State Council of 
Defense turned its attention was the prevention of fire in the 

[55] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

grain fields of the state. In July, 1917, with the assistance 
of H. 0. Fishback, State Commissioner of Insurance, a bulle- 
tin of instructions for the prevention of fires in grain- 
fields was prepared and sent to the County Coun- 
cils. These suggestions furnished several of the County Coun- 
cils in Eastern Washington not merely the occasion for per- 
fecting their organization, but an opportunity to do some of 
the most effective work accomplished by the defense organi- 
zation in this state. In addition to the ordinary risks incident 
to threshing and those caused by locomotives, there were 
numerous threats of incendiary action during the summer 
and fall of 1917. The County Councils in the great wheat 
districts formed a net-work of farmers and citizens which 
covered every part of the country. Special arrangements 
were made with telephone companies to maintain an all-night 
service; special wires were laid to strategic points and dur- 
ing the critical period look-outs were kept on high points, 
day and night, constantly scanning the horizon and ready for 
immediate investigation of fire or smoke appearing. In the 
towns and cities of the wheat belt, automobiles loaded with 
shovels and other tools for fire-fighting, wet bags and blan- 
kets, large cans of water, fire-extinguishers, etc., were kept 
ready for instant use by any member of the organization. 
Automobile owners generally were on the alert and in the 
few instances where fires occurred large bodies of men were 
on the spot within ten to twenty minutes after the fires were 
discovered. 

Threshing outfits were carefully examined to eliminate 
every possible source of risk, farmers and employers were 
repeatedly warned to take every precaution and a public sen- 
timent was quickly built which quieted those who had freely 
predicted disastrous losses and effectually discouraged any 
miscreants who had planned to destroy crops, for very few 
suspicious fires occurred in the grain-fields and none which 
apparently was of incendiary origin. Though the loss by fire 
in normal times usually aggregated many thousands of bush- 
els, during the 1917 season the total losses reported to the 
State Council of Defense was but seven acres of grain. 

[56] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

Early in 1918 the Fire Underwriters' Association ten- 
dered to Governor Lister and the State Council of Defense the 
services of its large force of inspectors to scour the state to 
reduce unnecessary fire risks in mills, factories, warehouses 
and other places where grain, food products or wool were 
stored. Nearly one hundred inspectors were engaged in this 
work- A few weeks after the original inspection a second 
call was made to check up the precautions suggested and a 
very large number of hazards were eliminated. This work 
was carried on directly under the supervision of George E. 
Ryan, appointed by the State Council of Defense as State 
Director of Food Protection. The State Council of Defense 
on several occasions communicated with fire marshals and 
chiefs of fire departments over the state, urging them to give 
their particular attention to the elimination of fire risk and 
to call on the County Councils of Defense for active assistance. 

In co-operation with State Forester Pape, the State Coun- 
cil printed and sent out to the County Councils lists of forest 
rangers with request that arrangements be made for prompt 
assistance in case of forest fires in their districts. 

At one time during the fall of 1917, official warning 
from the U. S. Food Administration was received that there 
was a wide-spread conspiracy on foot to destroy food products 
throughout the country. The County Councils were immedi- 
ately instructed to bring the matter to the attention of all 
owners and managers of warehouses or places of storage 
and to see that ample guards were furnished, either as volun- 
teers or otherwise, as might be necessary. Whether the rumor 
of such a conspiracy was well founded or not, no destruction 
of property occurred in the state which could be traced tn 
such origin. 

From time to time our attention was called to various 
individuals or communities apparently unaware of the necess- 
ity of giving unusual care to food supplies, live stock, etc. 
By personal letters or through the County Councils of De- 
fense the importance of guarding against fire, of protecting 
young live stock against severe weather, etc., was brought 
to the attention of these persons. 

[57] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

Disloyalty. 

No harm can now result from tlie frank admission that 
in many parts of the State of Washington there was at first 
not merely an unwilling participation in war work, but an 
active pro-German or anti-American group- The opposition 
to our form of government originated in a variety of aims — 
some definitely revolutionary and sinister, others merely 
short-sighted and theoretical but equally dangerous. By the 
time the second Liberty Loan campaign was over, the atmos- 
phere was full of rumors of disloyalty. The patriots whose 
enthusiasm was earliest aroused had already come together 
in definite groups; disclosures of official German treachery 
and numerous treasonable plots within our own country had 
brought about a frame of mind frequently approaching hys- 
teria. Volunteer secret service organizations were springing 
up in many places and charges of pro-Germanism, disloyalty, 
profiteering, food-hoarding and actual treason were being 
hurled at hundreds of people over the state. A few cases of 
actual mob violence developed and the situation was ex- 
tremely critical. 

In December, 1917, the State Council of Defense called 
on the County Councils to organize a volunteer secret service 
to operate in strict pursuance to the policy laid down by the 
State Council. The County Councils were urged to combat 
the tendency to charge persons with disloyalty because of dis- 
agreement as to methods, to discourage in every possible way 
the use of violence or illegal methods in treating persons 
whose loyalty was doubted and to foster a sane and orderly 
thinking in every community. A method of dealing with per- 
sons whose loyalty was questioned was outlined. Acting 
along the lines suggested by the State Council several County 
Councils were able to carry on most constructive work of the 
kind. Several instances developed where men who had flatly 
refused to purchase liberty bonds or assist the Red Cross and 
who were in danger of mob violence, were brought before the 
County Council for a hearing, made to appreciate the gravity 
of their position and induced to change front and support the 
Government thereafter, at least so far as outward appearance 

[58] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

was concerned. Confidential reports from chairmen of various 
County Councils indicate that in many instances such persons 
actually did alter their mental processes and became sincere 
in their support of the Government. Naturally some instan- 
ces were brought to light where it was utterly impossible to 
form a satisfactory opinion as to the loyalty of the person 
suspected, but at worst such persons were not subjected to 
unjust or illegal treatment by an irresponsible mob and cer- 
tainly were not driven to adopt a sullen and lasting resent- 
ment toward their community or the Government. 

Immediately after President Wilson's appeal to the loyal 
citizens of the nation to refrain from the use of violence or 
illegal methods in attempting to carry on patriotic work, the 
State Council again called on the County Councils of Defense 
to consider this as one of their most important functions. A 
number of instances were found in which violent methods were 
in contemplation and which were prevented by quiet, personal 
counsel. Numerous complaints reached the State Council of 
Defense concerning the unjust acts or alleged acts of chairmen 
or members of County Councils of Defense and while each of 
these was investigated as carefully as possible, the State Coun- 
cil's policy was to rely very largely on the judgment of the 
members of the local body, so long as it was evident legal 
methods only were in use and proper care was taken to pre- 
vent hasty or prejudiced action against persons suspected of 
disloyalty or " slackerism- " 

The most difficult situations arose where local committees 
soliciting funds or subscriptions to Liberty Bonds or War Sav- 
ings Stamps without careful investigation of all the facts in- 
volved branded individuals as ''disloyal" for failure to re- 
spond as quickly or as generously as others deemed proper. 
The instances of this kind which have come to our attention, 
though fortunately very few, illustrate to a striking degree 
the serious danger of well-meaning persons over-zealous in 
patriotic work rendering irreparable injustice to other citizens, 
equally loyal, but unfortunate enough to have been subject 
to prejudiced local suspicion. 



[59] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

Although the State Council was without legal authority, 
the personnel and spirit oi eo-operation of the County and 
Community Councils of Defense was such that in many instan- 
ces it was possible to bring about the expression of so solid 
a public opinion as to enable us to enforce policies which in 
normal times would have required Legislative sanction. For 
example, the State Council adopted, and through the County 
and Local Councils of Defense, enforced an almost universal 
observance of the following: 

1. The State Board of Education and the State Super- 
intendent of Public Instruction were requested to ask all 
school boards in the state to eliminate the teaching of German 
in the public, elementary and high schools. 

2. All persons desiring to make use of the German lan- 
guage in public or quasi-public meetings were asked to file 
with the County Council of Defense for the county in which 
the meeting was to be held, a written notice of the intention 
to hold such meeting, at least seven days prior to the holding 
thereof, such notice to set forth the purpose of the meeting, by 
whom called or under whose auspices it was to be held, and 
a full statement of the reason such meeting might not be con- 
ducted in the English language. 

3. The State Council requested all private schools here- 
tofore conducting their instruction through the medium of 
the German language to discontinue such practice prior to 
September 1, 1918, and thereafter to continue their instruc- 
tion through the medium of the English language only. (Bul- 
letin No. 121.) 

The State Council of Defense assisted whenever possible 
in investigating disloyalty on the part of public school teach- 
ers, but full credit is due to Mrs. Josephine Preston, State 
Superintendent of Public Instruction, for her continued vigi- 
lance and courageous stand in this matter. It can do no harm 
to admit that there was at the beginning of the war a very 
considerable pacifist element among the school teachers of the 
state; there were isolated instances of pro-Germanism, proba- 
bly less than would be found in an equal number of other citi- 

[60] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

zens, but potentially many times more dangerous, because of 
their effect upon the impressionable minds of their pupils. 
The prompt and fearless action in cancelling teachers' certifi- 
cates in one or two instances where the offender's disloyalty 
was well established unquestionably was one of the most effec- 
tive and wholesome steps taken by any public official in the 
state. 

Considerable pressure was brought to bear upon the State 
Council of Defense to investigate the action of certain citizens 
of Walla Walla whom it was claimed prevented the State 
Grange from holding its annual meeting in that city 
by reason of the election of William Bouck, connected with 
the Non-Partisan League, as its President. It appeared to the 
Council that the efficiency of the county and local Councils 
of Defense would be impaired if the investigation was not held 
and a finding made as to the alleged illegal acts, in which 
representatives of the Council of Defense were said to have 
participated; consequently the State Council issued 
notice of a hearing to be held in July, 1918- However, inquiry 
of the Department of Justice at Washington, D. C, disclosed 
that the Government was intending to make a complete in- 
vestigation of the incident and the State Council therefore 
concluded not to hold the hearing. At the instance of the 
Federal Department of Justice, indictments were found against 
Mr. Bouck for violation of the Espionage Act, which have not 
as yet, however, come to trial. * The secret service of the state 
rendered considerable assistance to the Federal Government 
in furnishing material which they had collected in their in- 
vestigations for the State. The State Council of Defense, 
therefore, withheld all action on its part in order not to inter- 
fere in any way with the Federal Government's plans. 

The State Council of Defense was frequently urged to 
go on record as favoring or opposing the candidacy of indi- 
viduals seeking election to public office, but consistently re- 
fused to do so. At the request of the League for National 



* On December 21, 1918, the indictment against William Bouck was 
dismissed at the request and upon the motion of the Government. 

[61] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

Unity the State Council adopted and published the following 

"test for loyalty": 

"That candidate, in or out of Congress, or that citi- 
zen can be regarded as loyal who since the declara- 
tion of war has by word and act unreservedly sup- 
ported and will support the Government in the vigor- 
ous prosecution of the war to a complete and decisive 
victory, and who has not attempted to destroy allied 
unity and effort by attacks upon nations fighting 
with us against a common enemy." 

Films and Publications. 

A large number of alleged disloyal pamphlets, books and 
moving picture films were carefully investigated by the State 
Council of Defense. Through the very able assistance of John 
B. Kaiser, City Librarian of Tacoma, two lists of books and 
magazines containing false or disloyal subject matter were 
prepared. These lists were printed and distributed to the 
librarians of the state by Mr. J. M. Hitt, State Librarian, and 
the libraries requested to withdraw them from circulation 
during the war. 

In many cases the exhibition of films of an extreme 
"pacific" nature and the distribution of disloyal pamphlets 
were prevented through the County Councils of Defense- 



[62] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 



PUBLICITY AND EDUCATION. 



Newspaper Co-operation. 

Although the State Council of Defense aimed to con- 
struct the machinery of the County and Community Councils 
of Defense in such a way as to make it possible to reach every 
loyal citizen directly, with any message or appeal arising in 
our work, naturally the press of the state offered the most 
effective means for publicity. And the press of the state re- 
sponded generously and cheerfully. The weekly newspapers, 
the dailies, the magazines and all periodicals published in the 
state threw open their columns and donated outright thousands 
upon thousands of dollars worth of space and paper to the 
work of the Councils of Defense. In the spring and early sum- 
mer of 1918 eighty-one newspapers of the state offered the 
State Council of Defense a contribution of sixty inches of dis- 
play advertising in each of the papers. This was gladly ac- 
cepted by the Council and through it Mr. J. G. Kelly furnished 
the material for the several advertisements. The Daken- 
Horsely Advertising Company, of Seattle, prepared the form 
of the advertising, which was directed chiefly to the necessity 
for all loyal citizens lending their practical support to meeting 
the farm-labor situation, to avoiding waste of time and effort 
in duplicating work already under way, and a plea for in- 
creased food production. 

Several newspapers of the state, published in German, at 
the request of the State Council of Defense printed patriotic 
articles prepared by the Committee on Public Information. 

In no instance that has come to our notice did any news- 
paper publish matter which was intended as confidential, 
though on numerous occasions items of considerable interest 
as news matter came to the attention of various papers. In a 
few instances, opportunities for real ''scoops" were cheer- 
fully ignored, in the nation's interest. 

Until he was drafted by State Fuel Administrator Whit- 
comb, Prof. Colin V. Dyment was of great assistance to the 

[63] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

State Council of Defense in securing newspaper publicity. 
Soon after the opening of the University, in September, 1917, 
President Suzzallo, at Mr- Dyment's suggestion, designated 
the University News Letter as the publicity organ of the State 
Council of Defense, and through that medium a great deal of 
valuable newspaper publicity throughout the state was secur- 
ed. After Mr. Dyment's departure for Washington, D. C, to 
assist in the fuel administration work, the University News 
Letter was very ably conducted by Miss Grace Edgington, and 
the State Council is under great obligation to Mr. Dyment and 
Miss Edgington for the very efficient co-operation rendered. 

Publicity to National Bequests. 

During the whole period of the war, the State and County 
Councils of Defense rendered every assistance possible to the 
Council of National Defense, the War, Navy and other de- 
partments of the Federal Government in securing publicity 
whenever called for. This publicity was not confined to 
securing local newspaper notices, though a very important 
work was done through the co-operation of the press. The 
wide membership of the Local Councils of Defense enabled 
the County Councils of Defense in many parts of the state to 
reach practically every patriotic citizen with an official mes- 
sage, without relying on newspaper publicity. The Minute 
Women were of particular value in this line of work. 

Among the subjects given publicity through the State and 
County Councils of Defense were the following: 

Resolution of the Council of National Defense discourag- 
ing the sending of food to the soldiers and sailors in the camps 
and cantonments; 

Posted several hundred copies of a large poster appealing 
to the public to donate or loan binoculars, spy-glasses or tele- 
scopes to the Navy; 

Display of the ''Prussian Blot" posters in railroad sta- 
tions, store windows and other public places, showing Ger- 
many's "Mittel Europa" ambition. 

At various times the County Councils were asked to 
assist the Red Cross in securing publicity to features of the 

[64] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

official work which required a wider knowledge among the 
families of soldiers and sailors. In August, 1918, various 
changes in the law and administration of allotments and 
allowances were brought to the attention of the County Coun- 
cils, in order to prevent undue anxiety on the part of soldiers 
and their families arising through delay. The facilities of the 
Eed Cross Home Service Section in explaining the provisions 
of the law, in securing delayed remittances and in assisting 
the Government by reducing correspondence were carefully 
explained. 

At the suggestion of the National and State Councils of 
Defense many of the County Councils and Local Councils took 
an active part in the celebrations held on July 4th, 1918, by the 
loyal foreign-born citizens of the state- Special emphasis was 
laid upon the control and management of the celebration by 
the foreign-born. 

Miscellaneous Publicity. 

Distributing a large number of pamphlets issued by the 
"War and Navy Departments' Commission on Training Camp 
Activities explaining their work and aiming to assist the sol- 
diers and their families to understand the care being exercised 
by the Government to make life at the training camps clean 
and wholesome; co-operating with the Eed Cross in securing 
publicity to the need of the gas defense division of the chem- 
ical warfare service of nut shells and certain fruit pits and 
seeds with which to manufacture the carbon used in gas 
masks. 

The State Council of Defense communicated with the edi- 
tors of periodicals published in German in this state and se- 
cured the publication of various patriotic articles furnished 
by the Committee on Public Information. A very large num- 
ber of copies of "American Loyalty" printed in the German 
language were mailed to persons of German birth residing in 
the state. This pamphlet was written by American citizens of 
German extraction and published by the Committee on Public 
Information. 

From time to time the Committee on Public Information 
sent speakers to the state to present various messages in con- 

—5 [ 65 ] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

nection with the prosecution of the war. The itinerary of many 
of these speakers was arranged by the State Council through 
the County Councils of Defense. 

The Spokane County Council had found H. J. Hibschman 
and Professor Schlauch to be very valuable speakers in com- 
munities having a large German population and the State 
Council of Defense was glad to offer the services of these men 
to the various County Councils of Defense. Mr. Hibschman, 
of German extraction, spoke in English, and Professor 
Schlauch either in German or English. 

Four Minute Men. 

Appreciating the valuable service which might be render- 
ed to the Government through the co-operation of a large 
number of trained speakers in the theaters, the State Council, 
in July, 1917, called on each County Council to select a county 
chairman for the Four Minute Men. The work was followed 
up steadily and later on the executive secretary, M. P. Good- 
ner, was appointed State Director of this work- At the time 
of the signing of the armistice the Four Minute Men were 
organized in three hundred twenty towns in the state. In a 
town where there was no moving picture theater a ''special" 
local chairman was appointed, who took charge of opportuni- 
ties to address ready-made audiences on the topics covered 
by the bulletins issued through the Committee on Public 
Information. During the Third Liberty Loan campaign the 
Four Minute Men in the state of Washington reached more 
people with their messages than in any other state in the 
Union with the exception of New York. 

During the fall of 1917 the State Council of Defense pro- 
cured the names of small groups of loyal citizens residing in 
those sections of the state in which there had been labor trou- 
bles fomented by disloyal organizations and personal letters 
were written to each of these persons, asking them in turn to 
forward additional lists of friends and acquaintances whose 
patriotism could not be questioned and who could be relied 
upon to assist the State Council in giving publicity to the real 
issues involved in the war itself. At regular intervals the lit- 

[66] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

erature of the Committee on Public Information was sent to 
each of these persons, from the Olympia office. 

Using the postal frank allowed him as State Director of 
the Four Minute Men, the Executive Secretary was able in 
this way to distribute thousands of patriotic booklets into the 
sections of the state where at first there was danger of a pro- 
German element impeding various phases of war work. Hun- 
dreds of these booklets went into the lumber camps and 
logging districts and the co-operation on the part of those who 
agreed to read and give publicity to them resulted in a great 
deal of good. 

Education. 

In co-operation with Mrs. Josephine Corliss Preston, State 
Superintendent of Public Instruction, the State Council of 
Defense asked the local school authorities to exert a special 
effort to enable boys working in the fields, and particularly in 
box factories producing fruit box shocks to continue their work 
and at the same time keep up their studies, by night classes or 
otherwise. The State Council of Defense, throughout the war 
period, very strongly favored the upholding of the standards 
of education, child labor and employment of women. Students 
in schools and colleges were consistently urged to continue 
their education, except where it was absolutely necessary for 
them to take up employment in vital industries facing a short- 
age of labor. 

In January, 1918, at the request of Mrs. Preston, the State 
Council gave very careful consideration to the request which 
had been made in many parts of the state that school be held 
on Saturday so as to allow of an earlier closing and later 
opening of school in 1918. The State Council voted unani- 
mously that school should not be held on Saturday but that 
the school authorities in each district should fix the closing 
and opening dates for the school year, with special reference 
to local climatic conditions, character of farming operations, 
early or late season for fruit, etc. Great pressure was brought 
from time to time in efforts to secure relaxation of regula- 
tions protecting children. The members of the Council have al- 
ways approved firmly the principle early announced by A. L. 

[67] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

Rogers, at the head of the department of farm labor. Mr. 
Rogers had consistently maintained that the potential labor 
power of any community, and principally in an agricultural 
district, is many times the labor power normally exerted, and 
that a war emergency could grow most acute before the aver- 
age community was unable to carry on its normal work by 
simply drawing on those unused reservoirs. The experience of 
the state of "Washington during the past eighteen months cer- 
tainly proves the truth of this principle. 

Miscellaneous Activities 

As one member of the State Council of Defense whim- 
sically remarked, some of the most important work done by 
the Council was in keeping its hands off a multitude of sub- 
jects which it was urged to handle. Many hours were spent 
by the members and executive officers in conference on var- 
ious topics on which no action was taken or public statement 
issued. These ranged from the importunities of inventors of 
flying machines to have their expenses paid to Washington, 
D. C, to petitions for the State Council's recommendation of 
proposed legislation having no possible bearing on the win- 
ning of the war. The number and persistence of persons 
pressing the State Council for action on subjects of this kind 
was almost unbelievable. 

The following will give a fair indication of the subjects 

of minor importance on which the State Council of Defense 

was able to render more or less assistance : 

Assisting citizens in securing information regarding employ- 
ment in Federal Departments, or contracts with the Gov- 
ernment and War Department for supplies at Camp Lewis ; 

Securing reports on families of soldiers claiming allowances, 
reports on soldiers absent without leave, investigating re- 
ports of alleged "slackers" or men fraudulently claiming 
exemption ; 

Assisting the Government in locating supplies of various raw 
materials reported in the state; 

[68] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

Investigating alleged instances where powdered glass or other 
injurious substances were found in food products ; 

Investigating alleged profiteering in wool yarn, (prior to the 
taking over of the wool supply by the Government) ; 

Following up reported instances of attempts to discourage 
employees from purchasing Liberty Bonds; 

Tracing down false rumors regarding Red Cross activities ; 

Discouraging the extension into this state of organizations 
whose purposes would obviously duplicate or conflict with 
patriotic work already progressing; 

"Warning the County Councils of Defense and local authorities 
generally against men fraudulently claiming to be return- 
ed soldiers and giving lectures or entertainments ; 

Assisting concerns engaged in manufacturing or storing food 
products to secure connection with electric power lines; 

Assisting in securing priority permits for purchase of wire 
cable and other supplies needed in operating lumber 
camps, box-factories and irrigation projects; 

Securing public speakers for local meetings for Liberty 
Loans or other patriotic purposes. 



[69] 



Washington State Council of Defense 



SPECIAL REPORT 

TO 

Council of National Defense 



APPENDIX 



Washingfton State Council of Defense 

Special Report 

To 

Council of National Defense 



Covering the Handling of the Illegal Phases of the Labor Situ- 
ation During the Summer and Early Fall of 1917 
(Prepared late in 1917.) 

The problems presented to the Washington State Council 
of Defense by industrial and farm labor difficulties have been 
of so varied a nature that every step in the work of the Coun- 
cil has necessitated a consideration of a multitude of factors 
and the adoption of a policy entirely independent from any 
precedents. Simultaneously, almost, with the appointment of 
the Council of Defense by Governor Lister, and beginning with 
the first meeting of the Council, held on June 25th, came 
alarming reports from various sections of the State — reports 
of roaming bands of I. W. W.'s seemingly well supplied with 
money, and of numerous threats that warehouses and grain 
fields would be destroyed by fire, if their unreasonable de- 
mands were not met, also reports of large numbers of men 
riding on railroads without the payment of fare, in many 
instances with the full consent of the train crews, and rumors 
of threatened sabotage, the blasting and destruction of fruit 
trees, the dynamiting of reservoirs used for the storage of 
water for irrigation projects and other outrages of almost 
every description- 

The first two meetings of the Council were given over 
almost entirely to receiving and hearing from delegations of 
citizens from various parts of the State, insisting that the 
Council and the Governor extend to their communities the 
protection of courts, the National Guard and Federal troops. 
Although the greater part of the demands were doubtless due 

[73] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

to one of those psychological waves of hysteria which occa- 
sionally sweep across a community or a county, or a state, the 
mere fact that such a feeling was prevalent was a direct 
encouragement to the agitators and the few disloyal men in 
the districts who, for one reason or another, were making 
threats as above stated. 

With this condition existing the Council recognized the 
necessity for immediate action; first, to bring about a state- 
wide movement which would quiet the fears of the public and 
discourage the careless or disloyal speech of irresponsible peo- 
ple, and second, to search out and take into custody the ring- 
leaders of the group who were actually responsible for the 
threats and appeared to be planning to commit violence and 
to continue the campaign of unrest and sedition. A committee 
of the Council was immediately appointed for the purpose of 
making an extended investigation. Witnesses from every class 
of workers were interviewed, under oath; testimony of mem- 
bers of the I. W. W. organizers was taken, their literature 
studied and their methods and aims fully digested. 

From the beginning Governor Lister was in close and con- 
stant touch with the situation and at all times worked with 
and assisted the State Council of Defense in its investigations. 
Tremendous pressure was brought to bear on the Governor 
and the Council to obtain large numbers of Federal troops to 
be scattered generally over the state ; in some instances to de- 
clare a state of insurrection, if not martial law. It was decid- 
ed by the Governor and the Council that in all instances an 
investigation of conditions existing should be made by the 
Council of Defense, the Governor or representatives appointed 
for this purpose before deciding upon the action to be taken. 
As a result of the investigations made. Federal troops were 
requested, by the Council of Defense and the Governor in but 
four towns, where the danger of actual violence seemed im- 
minent. In these places the mere presence of the Federal 
troops in uniform did much to remedy the situation and when 
this was followed by numerous arrests of the I. W. W. 's, who 
were threatening the destruction of property and other forms 
of violence, the crisis was passed- Subsequently there were 

[74] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

various frantic calls for troops from different parts of the 
State, in which the conditions appeared to be most serious. 
Each call was carefully, thoroughly and quietly investigated 
by the Governor, through the State Secret Service and by a 
special deputy of the Attorney General appointed for this 
purpose, or by some member or members of the State Council 
of Defense, or other State officials called in for the special 
work, and in the great majority of instances, it was found that 
the situation could be properly controlled without the use of 
troops. 

A typical case was found at Raymond, in Pacific County, 
where there was a complete tie-up of the lumber mills. The 
strikers were picketing the mills constantly; there is no stat- 
ute which prohibits this, although our Supreme Court has held 
that it is illegal and that injunction is properly issued to pro- 
hibit pickets from patrolling in front of any plant or place 
of business. A suit for injunction was pending in this case. A 
line of strikers and sympathizers, numbering many men, form- 
ed every morning and evening in the street leading to the mill 
\vhich was attempting to run with men other than those out 
on strike. On one occasion workmen were leaving for the day 
and in passing through the crowd epithets and cries of ' ' scab ' ' 
were heard, but the only violence was the act of one of the 
workmen who kicked a striker. This was in the heart of the 
district from which one of the strongest demands for troops 
was received. No troops have been placed at this point and 
there has been no more serious trouble than that above stated. 

The climax of the situation came on the 13th day of 
August, when James Rowan, Secretary of the I. W. W. organ- 
ization in Spokane, telegraphed to Governor Lister stating 
that unless all of the I. W- W. prisoners held by Federal 
authorities were released from custody there would be a com- 
plete tie-up of the entire agricultural section of the state on 
the 20th day of August. It is understood that the same kind 
of a telegram was forwarded to the Governors of three other 
northwestern states. The following is a copy of the Rowan 
telegram : 

''Have been instructed to inform you that it has 

been decided by overwhelming majority of men on 

[75] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

job to call general strike in harvest fields, fruit or- 
chards and on all construction work in Northwest if 
all I. W. W. prisoners are not released before August 
20th." 

Immediately upon receiving the telegram the Governor 
took the matter up with the State Council of Defense and the 
Council telegraphed the Chairman of each County Council in 
the agricultural section of the State, requesting him to imme- 
diately do everything possible to spread a patriotic feeling 
among the workers in the harvest fields to offset the disloyal 
talk of the I. W. "W. and to appeal to the men to remain at 
work. On Sunday afternoon, August 19th, Rowan and a num- 
ber of other I. W. "W.'s were quietly placed under arrest by 
Federal troops. He had been allowed the whole period of 
time in which to perfect his plans and to bring about the 
threatened strike. By Monday evening telegraphic reports 
from the counties had been received, indicating that practical- 
ly no workmen had refused to continue their work and show- 
ing the "strike" to be an utter failure- The arrest of Rowan 
and other I. W. W.'s, on the Sunday afternoon brought about 
cessation of threatening talk on the part of the I. W. W.'s 
and since that time there has been no trouble whatever in the 
grain districts of the state. 

In addition to the work done by the State Council of 
Defense and the County Councils to bring about a continuance 
of activities in the farming districts, the State Department of 
Agriculture, and the State College at Pullman placed in the 
field just as many of their forces as possible to assist in this 
work and did much to properly control the situation. 

The strike in the lumber industry is supposedly a failure. 
At the present time (late fall, 1917), the logging camps are 
operating to about 50% capacity and sawmills to probably 
60% or 65% capacity, most of them operating on the ten-hour 
basis. A few of the mills are running on an eight-hour basis ; 
by far the greater proportion now in operation continue on a 
ten-hour basis. It is generally understood, however, that in 
most instances the workmen are not rendering efficient ser- 
vice, apparently figuring that they will do about eight hours' 
work in ten hours. In a number of instances the workers re- 

[76] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

main but a few days on a job and then quit. The prolonged 
strike in the lumber industry has also resulted in many of 
those formerly engaged in this line having obtained employ- 
ment in other lines, so that there is not available, at the pres- 
ent time, even though all were willing to return to work on a 
ten-hour day basis, men to operate the mills and logging camps 
at normal capacity. We will go on record now as saying that 
we do not feel that the eight-hour day controversy is settled. 
As this report is intended to be confined solely to the handling 
of disloyal or illegal phases of the labor situation, we will not 
attempt herein to give a detailed report on the merits of 
the eight-hour day demanded by the employees. We may say, 
however, that in the lumber industry in the Northwest there 
is gradually coming about a unionization of those engaged in 
it and the effect of the war has certainly been to further en- 
courage the union movement- Bitter feeling, resulting in ex- 
tensive and expensive strikes may be expected throughout this 
section in the future, if the operators continue in their present 
attitude of absolute and unyielding opposition to all demands 
for a shorter day. Their comment that they are willing to pay 
higher wages does not meet the workman's fundamental 
demand of the eight-hour day and while considerations of 
patriotism and the necessity of the moment may induce the 
men to abandon their strikes temporarily, the vital question 
is still unanswered. 

We may add, in connection with the labor situation, that 
a convention of the Prosecuting Attorneys of thirty out of the 
thirty-nine Counties of the State, was held in Seattle in July. 
Eeports from these officials as to conditions prevailing in 
their respective counties and discussions as to the sufficiency 
of existing statutes to properly control these various situa- 
tions were made. This convention was attended by the Chair- 
man of the Stafft Public Service Commission, who has been 
spending a part of his time during the past few months assist- 
ing in connection with the labor problems presented, the 
Chairman of the Committee of Home Defense, of the State 
Council of Defense, and the special Assistant Attorney Gen- 
eral appointed for the purpose of assisting the Council of De- 

[77] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

fense and the Governor in handling labor problems. Dr. Henry 
Suzzallo, Chairman of the State Council of Defense, addressed 
the prosecuting attorneys on law enforcement and the work 
being done by the State Council of Defense, in connection 
with it. 

It became apparent during the convention that while 
there were perhaps sufficient statutory provisions to reach 
most of these cases of lawlessness and threatened lawlessness, 
the enforcement of these provisions would be left ultimately 
to local juries and in many of the Counties the juries might 
be inclined to not enforce the laws to the degree necessary 
during such a crisis as is now facing our country. This is par- 
ticularly true in the congested districts of the towns and cities. 

One of the chief difficulties found also was that the 
County authorities seemed to regard the matter as being di- 
rected so publicly against the Nation and its war work, that 
it was a matter for the Federal or for the state officials to 
handle and not for the County, and we believe that in a large 
measure this accounts for the want of proper sentiment on the 
part of local juries. "While these men sitting in a County 
Court trying these offenders under a state or local law, might 
by reason of class sympathy fail to convict, in the face of the 
facts shown, the same men sitting as jurors in the Federal 
Court trying the same offenders under federal laws defining 
crimes against the nation at war, would, on the same facts, 
convict. Our view is that this condition does not indicate 
inefficiency on the part of local officials, but rather a matter 
of the point of view from which the public is made to look 
upon the offenses; hence, the necessity, in our judgment, of 
the treatment of this I. W. W. situation by the Federal Gov- 
ernment. 

To sum the situation so far as the I. W- W. and other dis- 
loyal organizations are concerned, we make the following com- 
ments : First, such organizations appear to thrive on publicity. 
Quiet, determined and discriminating action, accompanied by 
a general feeling that the whole machinery of the state and 
national government is ready, if necessary, to handle the sit- 



[78] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

uation, is the most effective method that can be adopted in 
the bringing about of a proper control. 

Second, the Federal authorities, with the same represen- 
tatives and exactly the same methods, but working as a Fed- 
eral force, can attain results with less effort than the state. 
For instance. Federal troops are a stronger force in handling 
a situation such as may arise from I. W. "W. agitation and 
threats than would be State troops, for the same reason that 
State troops can better control a situation in a district than 
can a force of deputy sheriffs. 

Third, a very slight show of military authority, backed 
up with uniformed and armed troops, has proved to be very 
efficient in controlling situations in this state. A small squad 
of troops, working under specific orders and to some definite 
purpose will immediately bring about a general exodus of 
I. W. W.'s from centers where troops are stationed. 

Fourth, in instances where troops are not advisable, a 
small group of determined men, either deputized by the sher- 
iff or acting independently in guarding their own property, 
can in most instances prevent the I. W. W.'s from going fur- 
ther than the uttering of threats- 
Fifth, in the agricultural districts of our state there has 
been stronger disposition this year than ever before, on the 
part of the farmers, to organize for their protection. Hereto- 
fore every farmer worked singly, feeling that his responsibil- 
ity ceased with the protection of his own property. This year 
they have realized that a better degree of protection could be 
obtained by thorough organization, and this course of action 
on the part of the farmers has been of material assistance in 
properly controlling conditions and avoiding trouble in many 
districts where it might have occurred had there been no such 
organization. 

Sixth. The I. "W. W. organization is made up of as mis- 
cellaneous an assortment of individuals as it is possible to find. 
Most of its members are men who feel vaguely that they are 
abused, and that in union there is strength. Most of these 
men do not know or care what the specific objects of the or- 

[79] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 



ganization are. They feel that in some way membership will 
bring them easier hours or more comfort or greater financial 
returns for their labor. The average member is, at heart, no 
more nor no less patriotic than the average run of our citizen- 
ship. Consequently the average member is not prepared to 
fight or die or suffer for his principles. He will join forces, 
or by threats or boycotts will endeavor, with his associates, to 
bring about conditions he believes ought to exist, but he will 
not meet armed resistance nor even face a small group of de- 
termined men without arms, simply because he is not in reality 
fighting for a clear-cut principle. These men, however, are 
following false leadership. Their leaders and agitators are 
constantly endeavoring to have them perform acts directly 
opposed to the principles of our government. The need of the 
hour is the bringing about of a condition that will make pos- 
sible the proper handling of these leaders, so that the large 
part of their followers will be alienated from such leadership- 
We believe that if the prosecutions now undertaken by 
the Federal government in Chicago are successful in the main, 
the danger from the I. W. W. 's will be over ; but if these pros- 
ecutions are not successful, the problem will be in the future 
an even more difficult one to cope with than in the past. 



[80] 



County Councils of Defense 



OF THE 



STATE OF WASHINGTON 



—6 



COUNTY COUNCILS OF DEFENSE 



ADAMS COUNTY. 

J. L. Cross, Chairman Ritzville 

J. C. Hauschild, Secretary Ritzville 

V. A. Chargois Ritzville 

L. L. Bassett Washtucna 

L. C. Crossland Hatton 

John Dirstine Lind 

H. M. Boone Cunningham 

A. O. Lee Othello 

P. R. Clark 

W. O. Miller 

C. H. Spalding Ritzville 

ASOTIN COUNTY. 

Elmer B. Halsey, Chairman Clarkston 

R. E. Westervelt, Secretary Clarkston 

R. E. Foster Clarkston 

W. O. Bond Clarkston 

Mrs. Frank Morrison Clarkston 

W. E. Howard Clarkston 

Chas. S. Florence Asotin 

J. B. Jones Asotin 

Ed. Dowmen Asotin 

Mrs. George A. Day Clarkston 

F. M. Halsey Asotin 

Homer L. Post r Asotin 

BENTON COUNTY. 

Bert Linn, Chairman Prosser 

W. S. Jenkins, Secretary Prosser 

J. F. Sears Prosser 

U. S. Case Prosser 

L. E. Johnson Prosser 

F. J. O'Brien Richland 

E. J. O'Leary -r White Bluffs 

Manley B. Haynes Hanford 

H. S. Hughes Finley 

C. E. DeBow Prosser 

Geo. McCuUough Patterson 

Wm. Pearson Patterson 

A. E. Whan Benton City 

[83] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 



CHELAN COUNTY. 

John A. Gellatly, President Wenatchee 

W. O. Parr, President Wenatchee 

Fred M. Crollard, Secretary Wenatchee 

J, H. Dengel Wenatchee 

A. H. Sylvester Leavenworth 

O. B. Shay Wenatchee 

H. J. Olive Cashmere 

O. A. Hoag Chelan 

H. N. May ; Wenatchee 

Mrs. Guy C. Browne Wenatchee 

Rufus Woods Wenatchee 

Dr. F. E. Culp Wenatchee 

W. O. Dow Wenatchee 

Fred Kemp , Wenatchee 

Chas. T. White Wenatchee 

Sam R. Sumner Wenatchee 

Wellington Pegg Wenatchee 

Deed H. Mayer Leavenworth 

A. H. Mohler Cashmere 

Rev. Atkinson Entiat 

Louis J. Crollard Wenatchee 

Chas. R. Sargent Chelan 

A. G. Morey Wenatchee 

N. A. Pearson Wenatchee 

T. L. Ross Wenatchee 

C. E. Stohl Wenatchee 

John Walsh Wenatchee 

M. W. Starks Leavenworth 

H. H. Kelly Leavenworth 

F. A. Wingate Leavenworth 

J. A, Wilson Leavenworth 

J. F. Casebeer Cashmere 

Mrs. Geo. C. Faskin Cashmere 

C. E. Long Cashmere 

CLALLAM COUNTY. 

T. F. Trumbull, Chairman Port Angeles 

Mrs. Andrew Severyns, Secretary Port Angeles 

Mrs. W. J. Ware Port Angeles 

S. C. Rose Port Angeles 

E. E. Nichols Port Angeles 

C. E. Stakemiller Port Angeles 

Dr. D. E. McGillivray Port Angeles 

[84] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

E. F. Gierin Sequim 

C. F. Seal Dungeness 

T. F. Rixon Beaver 

F. Clarke Forks 

CLARKE COUNTY. 

A. Burnham, Chairman Vancouver 

A. L. Miller, Secretary Vancouver 

W. E. Carter Vancouver 

W. B. DuBois Vancouver 

Judge McMaster Vancouver 

W. G. Drowley Vancouver 

A. W. Calder Vancouver 

J. L. Sutherland Vancouver 

E. E. Beard Vancouver 

Wm. C. Bates Vancouver 

F. "W. Temples Vancouver 

J. D. Currie Camas 

Milton Burnett 

G. R. Percival Vancouver 

Robert Brady Vancouver 

W. M. Hodgkin Vancouver 

Geo. B. Simpson Vancouver 

Mrs. A. L. Miller Vancouver 

J. A. Munday Vancouver 

J. W. Shaw Vancouver 

Lloyd DuBois Vancouver 

P. J. Kirwin Vancouver 

C. W. Davis Vancouver 

COLUMBIA COUNTY. 

H. H. Hadley, Chairman Dayton 

W. C. Godard, Secretary Dayton 

J. J. Edwards Dayton 

A. P. Cahill Dayton 

Geo. Jackson Dayton 

H. E. Barr Dayton 

W. W. Day Dayton 

J. C. Weatherford Dayton 

Wm. T. Wooten Dayton 

J. L. Wallace Dayton 

Clark Israel Dayton 

Geo. Thompson Dayton 

Reed Jonas Dayton 

[85] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

C. F. Miller Dayton 

Geo. Spalinger Dayton 

Ben Turner Turner 

A. A. Callender Dayton 

J. L. Dumas Dayton 

John Brining Dayton 

R. R. Cahill Dayton 

Leon B. Kenworthy Dayton 

Roy Dyer Dayton 

John Dawson Dayton 

Wm. Robinson Dayton 

C. R. Rogg Dayton 

John Carr Dayton 

Lee Lindley Dayton 

Geo. Price Dayton 

E. A. Holman Dayton 

Fred Smith Dayton 

Wm. Chandler Dayton 

Homer Price Dayton 

E. E. Gowan Pomeroy 

D. L. Lewis Dayton 

Robt. Sturdevant , Dayton 

Nick Longen Dayton 

W. W. Ward Dayton 

Harve Harris Dayton 

Tom Reed Dayton 

Walter Dunning Dayton 

Remmie DeRuwe Dayton 

Len Jackson Dayton 

Burt Delaney Dayton 

Cornelius Lyman , Dayton 

J. T. Allen Dayton 

Geo. F. Williams Dayton 

Jack Hamilton Dayton 

John Hubbard Dayton 

J. M. Lewis Dayton 

Jessie Cahill Dayton 

Geo. Barnhart Starbuck 

E. J. Culp Huntsville 

COWLITZ COUNTY. 

L. N. Plamondon, Chairman Woodland 

F. L. Stewart, Secretary Kelso 

L, S. Keyes Kelso 

G. L. Buland Castle Rock 

[86] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

Rev. A. W. Bond Woodland 

H. V. Vaughan Kalama 

C. C. Ruckles Kalama 

Lowell Young Kelso 

Dan Campbell Kelso 

J. R. Catlin Kelso 

F. L. Barber Carrolls 

Lucia Jenkins Kalama 

Clark Studebaker Kalama 

Geo. L. Marsh Ostrander 

J. L. Sparling Kelso 

Dr. H. A. Rue Kelso 

F. G. Barnes Silver Lake 

DOUGLAS COUNTY. 

E. K. Fritts, Chairman Waterville 

T. J. East, Secretary Bridgeport 

L. T. Griswold Mansfield 

Harry I. Short Withrow 

M. H. Davison Waterville 

Edith L. Greenberg Waterville 

FERRY COUNTY. 

A. L. Bradley, Chairman Danville 

G. J. Tompkins, Vice Chairman Republic 

Thos. F. Barrett, Secretary Republic 

John Stack Republic 

D. H. McKellar Republic 

F. H. Prodger • • • Malo 

Jas. T. Johnson Republic 

W. A. Atkin Republic 

Mrs. W. T. Beck Republic 

A. A. Anderson Republic 

F. W. Cleator Republic 

Dr. E. M. Bevis Republic 

P. H. Walsh Republic 

S. H. Richardson Republic 

J. W. O'Connell Republic 

T. J. Kelly Ferry 

Ira Carter Curlew 

Jacob Meyers Laurier 

O. G. Barnard Orient 

V. M. Meyers Boyds 

Mrs. Fred Sengfelder Kettle Falls 

[87] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

Chas. W. Lawson Inchelium 

H. G. Parmeter ; Covada 

H. R. Taylor Keller 

FRANKLIN COUNTY. 

Volney B. Cox, Chairman Pasco 

R. B. McFarland, Secretary Pasco 

Gerard Ryzek Pasco 

Riley Conrad Pasco 

Edward Onstott Pasco 

Mrs. Wilford Pasco 

Mrs. Turner Pasco 

Mrs. Douglas Pasco 

Guy Foster Eltopia 

D. B. Garrison Connell 

B. Raymond Kahlotus 

GARFIELD COUNTY. 

E. V. Kuykendall, Chairman Pomeroy 

B. F. Bureh, Secretary-Treasurer Pomeroy 

Peter McClung, Secretary-Treasurer (later) Pomeroy 

M. F. Gose Pomeroy 

J. A. Strain Pomeroy 

D. B. Williams Pomeroy 

W. H. Dixon Pomeroy 

Otto Long Pomeroy 

H. B. Henley Pomeroy 

Fred Mattheis Pomeroy 

P. R. Weller Pomeroy 

C. G. Black Pomeroy 

W. H. Dixon Pomeroy 

A. G. Farley Pomeroy 

G. W. Jewett Pomeroy 

E. E. Powell Pomeroy 

W. J. Schneckloth Pomeroy 

E. C. Cluster Pomeroy 

J. R. Stevenson Pomeroy 

M. C. Beale Pomeroy 

R. J. McKeirnan Pomeroy 

Hans Clodius Pomeroy 

Frank Fitzgerald Pomeroy 

J. J. Bentley Pomeroy 

E. S. Sleeman . , Pomeroy 

W. J. Robinson Pomeroy 

Thad Patterson Pomeroy 

[88] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

J. T. Ledgerwood Pomeroy 

James Oliver Pomeroy 

C. R. Long Pomeroy 

J. F. Mills Peola 

H. B. Stallcop Pomeroy 

Dr. G. B. Kuydendall Pomeroy 

May Elsensohn Pomeroy 

C. Alex McCabe Pomeroy 

Rev. John Huggins Pomeroy 

Rev. John Leacher Pomeroy 

E. W. Collier Pomeroy 

GRANT COUNTY. 

E. C. Davis, Chairman Ephrata 

H. W. Reaugh, Secretary Ephrata 

Mae Simpkins, Clerk Ephrata 

Mrs. D. T. Cross Ephrata 

John R. Kelley Ephrata 

P. H. Hiebert Ephrata 

H. D. McMillen Ephrata 

H. M. Hancock Ephrata 

P. G. Maltbie Ephrata 

C. T. Sanders Ephrata 

N. W. Washington Ephrata 

J. H. Hill Hartline 

A. A. Proulx Grand Coulee 

A. T. Hampton Steamboat Rock 

Dan S. Evans Coulee City 

Mrs. M. H. Handcock Coulee City 

Emil Rosenberg Timm 

George DeBolt High Hill 

Chas. Kennedy Stratford 

T. Claude Bennett Wilson Creek 

Donald Urquhart Wilson Creek 

Ben Thomas Soap Lake 

Mrs. H. W. Mangold Adrian 

Chris Krogness Bunker Hill 

J. P. McCarthy Bunker Hill 

H. C. Erickson Marlin 

Mrs. D. T. Wolfe Marlin 

A. C. Allen Trinidad 

F. G. Campbell Quincy 

Wm. Ragless Quincy 

D. G. Banko Quincy 

Mrs. J. O. Smith Winchester 

[89] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

D. C. Thiemens Ephrata 

Mrs. J. A. Hessel Gloyd 

Edgar Dry Wheeler 

F. R. Amend Ruff 

H. M. Course Neppel 

Mrs. Harvey Smith Neppel 

Ed Dunham Sieler 

D. B. Cole McCaskey 

I. N. MuUowney Warden 

Mrs. Grace Sinclair Corfu 

P. C. Koppen Wahluke 

Mrs. Geo. A. Arrowsmith White Bluffs 

Mrs. H. M. Goode Smyrna 

H. V. Dyer Beverly 

H. M. Perry Low Gap 

Mrs. E. Goodwin Mae 

J. C. Pepper Mae 

J. R. O'Meara Morrison 

Chas. E. Kline Burke 

GRAYS HARBOR COUNTY. 

L. G. Humbarger, Chairman Aberdeen 

W. H. Abel, Secretary Aberdeen 

Mrs. M. L. Watson Aberdeen 

Henry McCleary McCleary 

Alex Poison Hoquiam 

W. E. Johnson 

W. E. Campbell 

J. W. Clark 

Russell Mack 

A. P. Sprague 

W. J, Patterson 

W. H. France 

Mrs. Humbarger 

W. L. Boomer 

C. F. Monroe 

Dr. J. H. Fitz 

C. T. Scurry 

G. P. Halferty 

Thorpe Babcock 

F. G. Foster 

G. G. Kellogg 

Mrs. H. P. Brown 

H. V. Collins 

John Strubel 

[90] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

H. P. Brown 

Eldridge Wheeler 

J. E. Calder 

ISLAND COUNTY. 

H. T. Wanamaker, Chairman Coupeville 

T. C. Clark, Secretary Coupeville 

Luther Weedin Coupeville 

Harvey Bantz Oak Harbor 

G. L. Woodruff Langley 

Aug. Bloomquist Camano 

JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

Clarence L. Wannamaker, Chairman Port Townsend 

Chas. G. Campbell, Secretary Port Townsend 

Wm. Bishop Chimacum 

O. T. McWhorter Port Townsend 

C. F. Goodrich Port Townsend 

H. J. Lipsett Port Ludlow 

H. Kuppler Port Ludlow 

Horace B. Sims Port Townsend 

Edith DeLanty Port Discovery 

W. M. McCurdy Port Townsend 

Dr. P. I. Carter Port Townsend 

Dr. J. C. House Port Townsend 

Tom W. Holman Port Townsend 

KING COUNTY. 

Harold Preston, Chairman Seattle 

C. K. Poe, Secretary Seattle 

F. V. Brown Seattle 

John C. Higgins Seattle 

Judge George Donworth Seattle 

Frank Gates Seattle 

R. L. Proctor Seattle 

John Wooding Auburn 

R. M. McCullough Seattle 

O. D. Fisher Seattle 

C. W. Wiley Seattle 

W. C. Weeks Seattle 

C. H. Winders Seattle 

J. P. Todd Seattle 

Mrs. Edgar Ames Seattle 

Mrs. Milo Loveless Seattle 

[91] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

Mrs. J. W. Glascock Seattle 

J. W. Spangler Seattle 

R. H. Thomson Seattle 

Dr. J. E. Crichton Seattle 

James S. Goldsmith Seattle 

Martin J. Flyzik Seattle 

Fred S. Stimson Seattle 

Edwin A. Start Seattle 

KITSAP COUNTY. 

Walter M. French, Chairman Port Orchard 

Harry E. Frost, Secretary Port Orchard 

Mrs. F. A. Harlow Bremerton 

R. S. Hayward Bremerton 

A. Harigal Bremerton 

M. A. Matthews Bremerton 

Mrs. Ella Bender Manette 

Paul Paulson Paulsbo 

Nels Sonju Paulsbo 

Wm. Brown Port Gamble 

Mrs. R. W. Condon Port Gamble 

Wm. F. Lindekugel Port Orchard 

Hal Smith Charleston 

C. E. Greaves Silverdale 

R. L. Robins Silverdale 

Fred Grow Winslow 

Louis Beck Port Blakeley 

Lucas Rodal Rolling Bay 

E. A. Landolt Retsil 

KITTITAS COUNTY. 

J. C. Hubbell, Chairman Ellensburg 

J. C. Kaynor, Secretary Ellensburg 

A. L. B. Davies 

Harry W. Hale 

C. R. Hadley 

Harry B. Averill 

R. B. Wetson 

Mrs. Harry Elwood 

Mrs. J. A. Mahan 

Linden McCullough 

Mrs. Elizabeth F. Baker 

Mrs. J. B. Davidson 



[92] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

KLICKITAT COUNTY. 

N. B. Brooks, Chairman Goldendale 

F. W. Hurd Goldendale 

C. T. Camplan Goldendale 

Ira Henderson Goldendale 

Ralph Fenton Goldendale 

John R. McEwen Goldendale 

William Warner Alderdale 

C. E. Comstock Alderdale 

John Kaiders Centerville 

Charles H. Babcock Columbus 

Albert Bertschi Glenwood 

Leon W. Curtis Grand Dalles 

H. L. Douglass Husam 

William Morginson Lyle 

W. H. Reader Roosevelt 

J. R. Shepard Sundale 

William Coate Trout Lake 

Chris Guler Trout Lake 

W. E. Mills White Salmon 

John G. Wyers White Salmon 

LEWIS COUNTY. 

A. E. Judd, Chairman Chehalis 

J. W. Alexander, Secretary Chehalis 

John Galvin Centralia 

B. H. Johnston Centralia 

Mrs. W. E. Brown Vader 

R. W. Mersereau Doty 

A. C. St. John Chehalis 

Dr. F. G. Titus Centralia 

W. W. Morse Morse 

W. W. Emery Napavine 

C. O. Gingrich Chehalis 

Geo. R. Sibley Chehalis 

E. C. Leonard Winlock 

Geo. A. Dew Toledo 

C. Ellington Chehalis 

E. McBroom Chehalis 

Dr. J. M. Sleicher Chehalis 

O. K. Palmer Chehalis 

T. Davis Acheson Chehalis 

H. E. Donohoe Chehalis 

Mrs. Jos. R. Monfort Chehalis 

[93] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

T. C. Foster Chehalis 

D. W. Noble Chehalis 

R. E. Cook Chehalis 

G. R. Bright Napavine 

A. L. McMurran Napavine 

C. L. Stone Napavine 

Oscar R. Main Napavine 

J. Y. Blumstrom Napavine 

I. M. Shultz Toledo 

Jos. M. Boyles Toledo 

R. W. Edmonds Toledo 

Ernest Layton Toledo 

W. C. Yeomans Pe Ell 

C. E. McCoy Pe Ell 

Wm. Seifner Pe Ell 

J. F. Hendricks Pe Ell 

E. A. Hollingsworth Doty 

Mrs. E. J. Stevens Doty 

E. L. Mersereau Doty 

John Malin Doty 

W. F. Downs Meskill 

W. H. Poster Boistfort 

W. H. Dawitz Boistfort 

Glen Roundtree Boistfort 

C. E. Damitz Boistfort 

J. P. Roselle Boistfort 

Edgar Reed Centralia 

J. H. Roberts Centralia 

A. C. Gesler Centralia 

J. D. Wonderly Centralia 

F. W. Dunham Adna 

"Walter Clinton Adna 

A. H. Purcell Adna 

F. Burlingame Adna 

D. D. McKay Winlock 

J. H. Marcott Winlock 

J. Z. Leather Winlock 

J. M. Parker Winlock 

R. L. Jones Winlock 

Andrew Johnson Winlock 

John Stein Vader 

H. E. Guinn Vader 

Henry Spangler Vader 

Geo. McCormick McCormick 



[94] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

LINCOLN COUNTY. 

Chas. E. Myers, Chairman Davenport 

C. A. Pettijohn, Secretary Davenport 

Mrs. E. L. Farnsworth Wilbur 

W. W. Downie Harrington 

Ira E. Clark Almira 

R. L. Hedrick Creston 

Ward Jessepli Edwall 

W. W. Downie Harrington 

A. J. Lilienthal Lincoln 

W. M. Nevins Odessa 

H. G. Burns Reardan 

A. L. Smalley Sprague 

E. L. Farnsworth Wilbur 

Jim Goodwin Davenport 

J. C. McCallum Davenport 

J. E. Eraser Davenport 

MASON COUNTY. 

W. G. Rex, Chairman Shelton 

Chas. A. Paine, Secretary Shelton 

Mrs. A. B. Govey Shelton 

Mrs. C. I. Pritchard Shelton 

Frank Binns Shelton 

Mark E. Reed Shelton 

W. A. Johnson Shelton 

Mrs. C. S. Norton Shelton 

Mrs. Taylor Shelton 

Grant C. Angle Shelton 

Dr. Wm. Beach Shelton 

Dr. F. M. Gage Shelton 

R. A. Lathrop Shelton 

C. I. Pritchard Shelton 

T. P. Fisk Shelton 

Rev. Waddington Shelton 

A. E. Hillier Shelton 

OKANOGAN COUNTY. 

Harry J. Kerr, Chairman Okanogan 

Chas. A. Johnson, Secretary Okanogan 

Geo. W. Lee Omak 

Clair Ward Okanogan 

C. H. Neal Okanogan 

Georgian Donald Okanogan 

[95] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

Clay Fruit Tonasket 

Chas. T. Borg Pateros 

PACIFIC COUNTY. 

L. L. Darling, Chairman South Bend 

W. P. Cressy, Secretary South Bend 

J. D. O'Neil Raymond 

Ed Lawler Raymond 

Dr. G. A. Tripp South Bend 

J. T. Stratton Raymond 

Thos. H. Bell South Bend 

Rev. G. F. Hopkins Raymond 

T. E. Pearson South Bend 

Mrs. John T. Welsh South Bend 

Elbert Pedersen South Bend 

Dr. A. L. Maclennan Raymond 

Capt. A. W. Reed South Bend 

Judge H. W. B. Hewen South Bend 

Fred A. Hart Raymond 

W. R. Haddock South Bend 

Joe Johnson Tokeland 

Capt. H. Winbeck North Cove 

L. L. Bush Bay Center 

Henry Brown Nahcotta 

Judge J. J. Brumbach Ilwaco 

C. H. Jackson Chinook 

D. C. Eager Nasel 

F. A. Dark Knappton 

Z. B. Shay Willapa 

G. W. Adams Lebam 

E. A. Brigham Menlo 

Louis Christen Frances 

E. A. Seaborg South Bend 

R. E. Brown Raymond 

A. C. Little Raymond 

J. S. Thornton Raymond 

Dr. S. V. Conway Raymond 

Dr. E. R. Perry Raymond 

PEND OREILLE COUNTY. 

Fred L. Wolf, Chairman Newport 

Sidney W. Rogers Newport 

Elmer Thackston lone 

A. J. Tulles Newport 

[96] 



Report of Washington State Cotmcil of Defense 



Fred Stevens Newport 

Jens Jensen Metaline Falls 

H, G. Murphy Newport 

Fay F. Dean Newport 

Dr. J. L. Rogers Newport 

E. W. Anderson Newport 

J. L. Montzheimer lone 

Mrs. Julia Murphy Newport 

Mrs. Mamie P. Johnson Newport 

Dr. G. W. Sutherland Newport 

Thos. W. Bartlett Usk 

James Newton Rogers Scotia 

D. G. McKay lone 

D. H. Robinson Dalkena 

PIERCE COUNTY. 

C. M. Riddell, Chairman Tacoma 

Herbert S. Griggs, Secretary Tacoma 

Arthur G. Prichard Tacoma 

H. Roy Harrison Tacoma 

Stephen Appleby Tacoma 

J. S. Whitehouse Tacoma 

T. E. Ripley Tacoma 

E. J. McNeeley Tacoma 

E. M. Hayden Tacoma 

Maurice A. Langhorne Tacoma 

Mary J. Lytle Tacoma 

Mrs. C. P. Balabanoff Tacoma 

SAN JUAN COUNTY. 

L. B. Carter, Chairman Friday Harbor 

Cecil L. Carter, Secretary Friday Harbor 

Van E. Sargent Friday Harbor 

E. H. Nash Friday Harbor 

O. H. Culver Friday Harbor 

V. J. Capron Friday Harbor 

Wm. Shultz Friday Harbor 

W. B. Williams '. West Sound 

E. Van Bogaert Lopez 

Wm. Norton Deer Harbor 

Wm. Hunton East Sound 

N. P. Hodgson Port Stanley 



[97] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

SKAGIT COUNTY. 

Thomas Smith, Chairman Mt. Vernon 

Charles W. Bridgam, Secretary Mt. Vernon 

H. A. McLean Mt. Vernon 

Wilbra Coleman Mt. Vernon 

C. D. Beagle Mt. Vernon 

R. L. Davis Mt. Vernon 

Eric A. Anderson LaConner 

W. S. Stapp Anacortes 

C. C. Barnett Anacortes 

George H. Knutzen Burlington 

Paul Rhodius Sedro Woolley 

Quinby R. Bingham Sedro Woolley 

John H. Slipper Hamilton 

W. J. S. Gordon Concrete 

A. Garborg Conway 

Miss Mabel Graham Mt. Vernon 

SKAMANIA COUNTY. 

Dr. H. L. Geary, Chairman Underwood 

Geo. F. Christenson, Vice Chairman Stevenson 

J. B. Gray, Secretary Stevenson 

E. E. Shields, Secretary Stevenson 

H. W. Hamlin Underwood 

J. B. Purcell Cooks 

Thos. Underwood Home Valley 

J. M. Boyd Carson 

R. I. Cline Stabler 

Geo. E. O'Bryon Stevenson 

C. O. Williams Skamania 

J. F. Grenia Hamilton Creek 

E. H. Prindle Prindle 

Geo. F. Breslin Cape Horn 

R. E. Turk Washougal 

Maurice Shields Cape Horn 

P. I. Packard Underwood 

J. W. Shipley Underwood 

J. K. Simpson Stevenson 

S. L. Knox Stevenson 

W. G. Hufford Stevenson 

Mrs. Theo. Lindis Stevenson 

Dr. T. C. Avary Stevenson 

Wm. Totten Stevenson 

Raymond C. Sly Stevenson 

[98] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

Mrs. W. A. Arnold Stevenson 

Mrs. Lilly Wilson Stevenson 

Rex May Stevenson 

C. H. Nellor Stevenson 

SNOHOMISH COUNTY. 

A, H. B. Jordan, Chairman Lowell 

J. A. Powers Everett 

James A. Ballew Everett 

E. M. Stephens Monroe 

J. T. McChesney Everett 

W. H. Boner Everett 

Clyde W. Walton Everett 

N. J. Craigue Everett 

William Howarth Everett 

J. O. Morris Everett 

Mrs. W. H. L. Ford Everett 

Dr. H. P. Howard Everett 

J. A. Coleman Everett 

A. C. Roberts Everett 

B. F. Bird Snohomish 

E. M. Stephens Monroe 

G. M. Mitchell Stanwood 

Thomas A. Casey Sultan 

George Startup Startup 

S. T. Smith Marysville 

George Murphy Arlington 

F. R. Beeson Edmonds 

SPOKANE COUNTY. 

N. W. Durham, Chairman Spokane 

E. A. Smith, Secretary Spokane 

J. L. Paine Spokane 

Miss Jeanette Donaldson Spokane 

O. C. Pratt Spokane 

M. E. Hay Spokane 

Herbert Witherspoon Spokane 

F. W. Guilbert Spokane 

J. R. Shinn Spokane 

George Kingston Spokane 

E. F. C. Van Dissel Spokane 

A. J. Germain Spokane 

George L. Reid Spokane 

Frank T. Post Spokane 

[99] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

Thomas A. Scott Spokane 

J. B. Lindsley Spokane 

Dr. A. E. Stuht Spokane 

Dr. Harry S. Martin Spokane 

C. H. Weeks Spokane 

Geo. W. Dodds Spokane 

Dr. J. B. Anderson Spokane 

W. S. Gilbert Spokane 

H. M. Eastman Spokane 

Mrs. F. A. Noteware Spokane 

Mrs. Sikko Barghoorn Spokane 

Mrs. M. A. Phelps Spokane 

Mrs. George Dyer Spokane 

Mrs. Anna Kass Spokane 

Mrs. George Kingston Spokane 

Mrs. Agnes McDonald Spokane 

Mrs. A. E. Stuht Spokane 

C. S. Kingston Cheney 

E. N. Guertin Cheney 

J. A. McMillan Chester 

Hugh McElroy Chester 

Geo. Grant, Jr Dishman 

Irvine G. Page Denison 

Geo. Meyers Deep Creek 

M. C. Lavender Deep Creek 

Rev. Wm. Worthington Deer Park 

D. M. Thompson Elk 

S. L. Conrad Elk 

A. R. Stratton Five Mile Prairie 

P. K. Eddy Four Lakes 

Jasper Wilson Four Lakes 

S. A. Powers Fairfield 

J. P. Laird Fairfield 

R. B. Newell Freeman 

Martin Honstead Freeman 

E. L. Sherwood Four Mound Prairie 

Mrs. O. G. Gilstrap Four Mound Prairie 

Dr. E. J. Peterson Glenrose, R. No. 3, Spokane 

G. A. O'Brien Glenrose, R. No. 3, Spokane 

B. E. McGinness Greenbluff 

J. Atkinson Greenbluff 

Dr. C. W. Driesbach Greenacres 

J. E. Elkins Hillyard 

L. R. Hurd Hillyard 

P. A. Page Indian Prairie 

[100] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

Mrs. L. F. Jones Indian Prairie 

W. A. McEachran Latah 

Geo. W. Wltcher Latah 

L. Oriard Marshall 

E. J. Janney Milan 

Mrs. Auda Verbeck Milan 

C. M. Bernson Mt. Hope 

G. E. Turner Mt. Hope 

Wm. Harris Mead 

Mrs. J. W. Stoneman Mead 

Theo. Reed Moran, R. No. 3, Spokane 

E. F. Lindstrum Moran, R. No. 3, Spokane 

B. F. Nail Medical Lake 

J. M. Wilkes Medical Lake 

F. G. Phillips Otis Orchards 

P. B. Kidder Otis Orchards 

Walter G. Smith Orchard Avenue 

D. C. Gibson Orchard Avenue 

Edward Pierce Opportunity 

Harry E. Nelson Opportunity 

L. W. Lancaster Pleasant Prairie, R. No. 10, Hillyard 

A. H. Collins Pleasant, Prairie, R. No. 10, Hillyard 

W. J. Taylor Rockford 

0. D. Hawley Rockford 

1. H. Jennings Spangle 

O. W. Newlon Spangle 

W. R. Bell Spring Valley 

W. R. Munger Spring Valley 

W. A. Monroe Sunset Prairie, R. No. 1, Spokane 

Miss Clara Sarsfield Sunset Prairie, R. No. 1, Spokane 

R. Blain South Moran, R. F. D., Kiesling 

C. W. Cahill South Moran, R. F. D., Kiesling 

R. C. Michael Spokane Bridge 

P. W. Rice Spokane Bridge 

W. L. Bruehlman Vera 

B. Allen Vera 

Geo. Martin Valleyford 

C. H. Tart Valleyford 

Ralph M. Darknell Waverly 

C. A. Smith Waverly 

Ira P. Whitney Whitworth College, R. F. D. No. 7, Spokane 

Mrs. G. E, Berg Whitworth College, R. F. D. No. 7, Spokane 



[ 101 ] 



Report of Washmgton State Council of Defense 



STEVENS COUNTY. 

G. W. Peddycord, Chairman Colville 

H. R. Williams Colville 

Al Weatherman Addy 

F. L. Reinoehl Chewelah 

Dr. W. A. Cartwright Valley 

Wm. Rose Gray 

P. M. Cartier Van Dissell Springdale 

C. C. Hammerly Clayton 

J. M. Glasgow Hunters 

S. C. Sturman Gifford 

C. S. Summers Daisy 

Geo. W. Bryant Rice 

J. M. Williams Kettle Falls 

A. W. Smith Meyers Falls 

J. S. Lane Marcus 

Joe Reed Marble 

J. P. Helpman Northport 

THURSTON COUNTY. 

George W. Draham, Chairman Olympia 

Joseph Reder, Vice Chairman Olympia 

B. F. Hume, Secretary Olympia 

C. H. Bergstrom Olympia 

C. J. Lord Olympia 

Jesse T. Mills Olympia 

W. J. Milroy Olympia 

Mrs. R. L. Fromme Olympia 

T. Ives Dodge Olympia 

S. L. Lester Olympia 

F. R. Stokes Tenino 

Jennings Johnson Bordeaux 

J. L. Mossman Yelm 

A. C. Wood Nisqually 

A. B. Smith Rainier 

J. C. Brookes Tono 

A. J. Gaisell Gate 

J. E. McCleary Grand Mound 

Lester Service Maytown 

Mrs. J. W. Mowell Olympia 

Howard Waterman Olympia 

Rev. R. Franklin Hart Olympia 

J. M. Hitt Olympia 

[ 102 ] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

George G. Mills Olympia 

Mrs. W. H. Yeager, Sr Olympia 

F. P. McKinney Olympia 

F. M. Kenney Olympia 

C. E. Beach Olympia 

H. B. Fultz Olympia 

F. G. Blakeslee Olympia 

T. M. Vance Olympia 

W. A. Howe Rainier 

G. C. Gardner Grand Mound 

Matt Twohy Schneiders Prairie 

J. W. Dent Black Lake 

Chas. Leber Cummings 

Mrs. Helen Goddard Case 

Walter Brazel Olympia 

George F. Yantis Olympia 

W. W. Manier Olympia 

P. H. Carlyon Olympia 

George Prigmore Olympia 

WAHKIAKUM COUNTY, 

William Stuart, Chairman Cathlamet 

Joseph Girard, Secretary Cathlamet 

M. Gorman 

Maude K. Butler 

Th. Fagstad 

A. T. Flagg 

A. D. Birnie 

Esther B. Flagg 

C. H. Warren 

H. M. Page, M. D 

Geo. F. Hanigan 

J. W. Heron 

Serena D. Vinson 

WALLA WALLA COUNTY. 

A. J. Gillis, Chairman Walla Walla 

O. T. Cornwell Walla Walla 

William H. Kirkman Walla Walla 

B. F. Brewer Walla Walla 

Reid Wolf ■ Walla Walla 

John H. Morrow Walla Walla 

John G. Kelley Walla Walla 

Henry Drum Walla Walla 

[ 103 1 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

S. B. L. Penrose Walla Walla 

Miss Grace Isaacs Walla Walla 

WHATCOM COUNTY. 

F. F. Handschy, Chairman Bellingham 

Curtis E. Abrams, Vice Chairman Bellingham 

A. Pancoast, Secretary Bellingham 

Dr. D. E. Biggs Bellingham 

Mrs. D. Campbell Bellingham 

E. J. Cleary South Bellingham 

Virgil Peringer Bellingham 

A. W. Deming South Bellingham 

J. J. Donovan Bellingham 

Ed. E. Hardin Bellingham 

B. W. Huntoon South Bellingham 

William McCush Bellingham 

Charles P. Nolte Bellingham 

N. P. Sorensen Laurel 

F. I. Sefrit Bellingham 

H. G. Selby Bellingham 

Ed. Brown Custer 

J. S. Crilly Blaine 

Hugh Eldridge Bellingham 

George E. Gage Bellingham 

J. S. Houghton Bellingham 

H. B. Paige Bellingham 

R. S. Lambert Sumas 

John Simpson Everson 

Rev. J. M. Wilson South Bellingham 

W. H. Waples Lynden 

H. B. Carroll, Jr Bellingham 

WHITMAN COUNTY. 

Dr. W. B. Palamountain, Chairman Colfax 

H. H. Mitchell, Secretary Colfax 

U. L. Ettinger Colfax 

Dr. J. Floyd Tifft Colfax 

H. G. DePledge Colfax 

W. R. Heglar St. John 

F. J. Wilmer Rosalia 

J. N. Emerson Pullman 

G. H. Watt Pullman 

C. E. Maynard Colton 

[ 104 ] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

Oscar W. Collins Uniontown 

A. C. Smith Endicott 

E. S. Knowlton LaCrosse 

N, W. McGinnis Winona 

P. M. Price Penawawa 

Asa Clark Albion 

C. F. Ledbetter Maiden 

Solano Moffitt Johnson 

Rev. R. E. Jope Garfield 

Ralph Comegys Thornton 

Tom J. Leuty Farmington 

Wm. Schott Tekoa 

J. U. Hughes Steptoe 

W. F. Morrison Palouse 

Tom Keyes Sunset 

W. O. Palmer Pine City 

James H. Scott Hay 

H. R. Rudd Hooper 

H. S. Eitel Elberton 

Ben Manring Colfax 

Benson Wright Oakesdale 

W. A. Chamberlain Almota 

Mrs. Ivan Chase Colfax 

YAKIMA COUNTY. 

O. A. Fechter, Chairman Yakima 

R. B. Milroy, Secretary Yakima 

J. N. Price Yakima 

W. L. Lemon Yakima 

A. H. Huebner Yakima 

Dr. J. F. Scott Yakima 

Rev. F. L. Mynard Yakima 

L. F. Sainsbury Yakima 

Mrs. Frank Horsley Yakima 

Mrs. Anna Nichols Yakima 

R. K. Tiffany Yakima 

Mrs. A. E. Larson Yakima 

W. W. Robertson Yakima 

L. H. Kuhn Zillah 

F. Benz Toppenish 

Mrs. L. J. Goodrich Toppenish 

O. L. Boose Sunnyside 

Wm. Verran Wapato 

A. W. Hawn Grandview 

[ 105 ] 



WOMAN'S WORK 



IN CONNECTION WITH 



WAR ACTIVITIES 



WOMAN'S WORK 



By Mrs. J. S. McEee 



It was evident in the beginning that the first problem con- 
fronting this department was to find out what women would 
be expected to do, as a matter of course, and also what they 
might offer as a voluntary service. 

A survey of the war activities of the women of England 
and France indicated that women, no less than men, had been 
diverted from their usual routine of peace time employment 
and were engaged in many lines of work, never before at- 
tempted by them- 

The women of this country, feeling the same patriotic 
impulse that was calling the men from their homes, and im- 
pelled by the example of English and French women, were 
inclined to turn at once from their accustomed pursuits and 
feel that only in seeking some new duty could they adequately 
show their devotion to America. 

It seemed wise, therefore, to consider whether the service 
asked of American women was of the same nature as that 
unquestionably demanded of the allied nations. 

It soon became evident that this was not the case and 
would not be unless the war lasted from three to five years. 

While it is impossible here to set forth the diverse features 
which a careful comparison of conditions made evident, the 
single statement that England had in her army one in every 
eight of her population, is sufficient to indicate how very dif- 
ferent the demands upon women of the two countries must be. 

It was necessary, therefore, to organize woman's work in 
this state for the successful achievement of the more difficult 
task of doing mere woman's work instead of throwing aside 
this to take up what belonged to men. 

The basic task was to convince our women that this was 
the thing that would be of greatest service. They must forego 
banners and trumpets and uniforms and stick to their ordinary 

[ 109 ] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

routine, only doing this work better than ever before, and 
while they still sewed and cooked, to do it with an eye single 
to the success of our arms and the glory of America. 

This explanation is made to show why the work was di- 
rected into certain channels from the beginning. There was 
a mania in the nation for registration. It was not only pro- 
posed officially but almost every organization was taking a 
registration of its members. This did not seem the wisest 
point of departure; registration often meant that the woman 
who was best fitted to raise hens or darn socks wanted to be 
a street car conductor and other equally futile results. It was 
therefore postponed until finally the proposal was withdrawn 
by the committee at "Washington. This, then, is one thing 
this department did not do. 

On the other hand, because of this widespread misappre- 
hension as to the best service women could give, because there 
was inertia on the part of many and a subtle propaganda from 
enemy sources, which was only beginning to be recognized 
for what it was, it seemed the part of wisdom to find some 
method of reaching as fully and as quickly as possible the 
homes of our state with the information necessary to bring our 
people to a hearty support of the war and particularly to 
make our women feel the importance of realizing that though 
the service asked of them was not thrilling it was fundamen- 
tal, and however uninviting the task, they must face it cheer- 
fully. 

Results have proved that the method selected helped to 
this end and the women of Washington may feel that they had 
their share in the state's splendid war record. 

This report will deal only with the specific war organiza- 
tion of the women and cannot touch upon the work of women's 
organizations, all of which quickly changed to a war basis 
and contributed in many ways to war service. 

In pursuance of the policy determined upon, in the months 
following the first meeting of the State Council of Defense, 
the organization of the women was undertaken as follows : 

A County Councillor was secured in each County who 
would become a member of the County Council; for every 

[ 110 ] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

considerable town in the county a local councillor was chosen ; 
in return, a representative was selected for every ward in 
a given town and school district in the county; under these 
were enough subordinates to reach every home in the ward 
within a few hours' time. 

These women were known as Minute "Women because 
they, like the men of old, were to be ready at a minute's 
notice to carry messages for the Government. Their motto 
was, "America's business requireth haste," At the sugges- 
tion of Dr. Suzzallo, the following design was accepted for 
their pin; an oval, bearing the shield from Washington's coat- 
of-arms, the lines indicating the colors of the shield according 
to the laws of heraldic design; on the shield the words "Min- 
ute Women;" below, "State of Washington;" above, "Coun- 
cil of Defense." Many of these pins will be treasured in 
Washington homes as mementoes of Civilian Service during 
the great war. 

It was easy to plan such an organization; it was another 
matter to put it into effect. Mrs. O. Gr. Ellis, State Chairman 
of the Woman's Liberty Loan Committee, gave much valua- 
ble assistance in securing and maintaining this organization. 

After much preliminary correspondence a skeleton organ- 
ization was secured. In the interest of completing the organ- 
ization and also of counseling with groups of patriotic women, 
during the fall and winter of 1917 and 1918, the State Chair- 
man visited 26 of the 39 counties of the state. 

In May, 1917, a Woman's Committee organization had 
been formed at Washington, D. C. This organization was rep- 
resented in this state by Mrs- Winfield Smith, of Seattle. Work 
originating at Washington, D. C, was handled through this 
agency. 

The first food drive was in the hands of this Committee. 
The woman's work for the Second Liberty Loan would nor- 
mally have been handled in the same way. Owing to Mrs. 
Smith's absence from the state and the tentative character of 
her organization, Mrs. Ellis asked and received authority from 
Washington to make use of the Minute Women for this cam- 
paign. 

[ 111 1 



Report of Washington State Goimcil of Defense 

This proved very opportune for our organization, as it 
is much easier to draw people together and hold their interest 
when a specific piece of work is before them. The work in 
this campaign was largely of an educational nature. An in- 
teresting feature of this was the Liberty fires held throughout 
the state under the auspices of the Women's Liberty Loan 
Committee and carried out locally by the Minute Women, 

The result of the first food drive was a disappointment 
nationally, making it evident that our people everywhere 
were failing to catch the seriousness of the situation and the 
need of sacrifice on the part of the whole nation. 

At the request of Mr. Hebberd, State Food Administrator, 
the Minute Women were carefully instructed in the needs 
of the situation and sent out on a house-to-house canvass to 
talk to women about their responsibility for the conservation 
of food. They were constantly urged to support the Red Cross 
and at Christmas time gave much assistance in securing mem- 
bership; they took entire charge in many cases of the sale 
of Red Cross seals for the Anti-Tuberculosis Association. As 
a result of this combined effort the sale was greatly increased- 

It became evident as time went on that the greatest good 
could be accomplished if the Minute Women took as their 
fundamental tasks, first of all gathering and dissemination of 
information that would lead our women to an understanding 
and support of the war program and that would counteract 
enemy propaganda; then such aid as might be asked of them 
by the Red Cross, Liberty Loan and War Savings (later), 
Food Administration and Training Camp Activities. The 
work of this last agency had been anticipated in suggestions 
for hospitality to soldiers sent out at the very beginning of 
our work. 

Therefore, the Minute Women were instructed to respond 
to calls from these agencies as a matter of routine. Their 
work soon attracted attention and it became necessary to safe- 
guard them by restricting the amount of local or unauthorized 
work they could do, in order that they might be free to carry 
out the purpose for which their organization was originally 
called together, namely, that the State Council of Defense 

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Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

might have a medium for reaching the homes of the people 
and to co-ordinate the work of women and direct it into the 
most helpful channels. It goes without saying that much of 
the work done by these women was of a nature that cannot 
be brought into a report of this nature which must be brief 
and omit the human element. 

At the close of 1917 the work was organized in all but one 
county and the organization numbered about 5,000 women 
throughout the state. 

Late in 1917 the existing personnel of the Washington 
Division of the "Woman's Committee, referred to above as the 
separate agency for effecting federal activities in the state, 
tendered their resignations. The National Committee at 
Washington asked the chairman of the Woman's Department 
of the State Council to undertake to re-organize the state di- 
vision. This was done with the understanding that the Min- 
ute Women should constitute the state-wide membership of 
the organization. 

A central committee representing all women's organiza- 
tions, lodge and church groups and unorganized women as 
well, was called together to meet monthly and take counsel 
together about the various problems arising from time to time 
in connection with the progress of the war. 

The National Woman 's Committee presented the following 
program of work. They asked for state committees to handle 
these subjects: Americanization, Child Welfare, Educational 
Propaganda, Food Administration, Food Production, Foreign 
and Allied Relief, Health and Recreation, Registration, Women 
in Industry, Maintenance of Existing Social Agencies. This 
program seemed rather more comprehensive than conditions 
demanded or warranted in this state. 

Registration was rejected for reasons stated above; Main- 
tenance of Existing Social Agencies seemed not to belong to 
our immediate war program; Foreign and Allied Relief was 
clearly the province of the Red Cross; Women in Industry 
belonged to the Federal Employment Service rather than to a 
voluntary agency such as the woman's organization mani- 
festly was. These subjects were left to lie dormant, and this 
_8 [ 113 ] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

course was justified when at the time of the organization of 
the Field Division these subjects were all withdrawn, largely 
for the reasons that had influenced this committee in its de- 
cision- 

As rapidly as possible the other subjects were organized 
with working committees. Little actual progress, except in 
an educational way, was accomplished under Americanization 
because it seemed necessary to await a joint organization with 
the State Council in this important subject. While it was felt 
that this subject would be of prime importance during the re- 
construction period, it was evident that some beginning should 
be made during the war, in order to take advantage of peace 
conditions, when the time was ripe. 

A great deal of excellent work was done by the Educa- 
tional Propaganda Department. This committee availed itself 
of an excellent outline study of the war, issued by the Com- 
mittee on Public Information. Classes were formed and sev- 
eral institutes were held; noticeably important were confer- 
ences at KoUing Bay in the summer, one in Seattle for King 
County and two at the University of Washington. Later a 
similar conference was held at Yakima in connection with the 
State Fair. 

The Child Welfare directed its efforts toward the carry- 
ing out of the Children's Year Program, which consisted of 
registering all children below school age, with weights and 
measured to indicate physical conditions. This campaign was 
carried out under the direction of the Children's Bureau at 
Washington, D. C. During the winter of 1918, when most of 
the registering had been completed, the committee gave its 
attention to a back-to-the-sehool drive, to secure the return 
of all children of school age who had stayed out during the 
fall to help in various industries or on the farms. 

The Food Administration Committee worked closely with 
the Federal Food Administrator, issuing bulletins on the sub- 
ject, and a limited edition of war cook books. This commit- 
tee also co-operated fully with the Home Economics Depart- 
ments of our State University and State College ,■ an important 
factor of the work of this department was the assistance given 

[ 114 ] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

by the Home Demonstration Agents, who were able to carry 
practical instruction to the women, as to the use of substi- 
tutes, etc. 

The Food Production Committee made a thorough cam- 
paign in the interests of war gardens and canning and con- 
serving of foods. 

The Committee on Health and Recreation co-operated with 
the State Board of Health and the agencies of the Commis- 
sion on Training Camp Activities. A conference with Army, 
Navy and Civilian Health officers was held in Tacoma. Dr- 
Croasdale, sent out by the War Department to work among 
girls, was assisted by this Committee. 

The Committee on "Women in Industry at the request of 
the State Council and with the assistance of Dr. Ogburn at the 
University, made such survey as was possible without a con- 
siderable expenditure of funds to determine to what extent 
working conditions among women had been affected by a year 
of war; also whether such an actual shortage of labor exist- 
ed as to make it advisable to urge women to go into industry 
from patriotic motives. The result of the survey indicated 
no need for interference with the regular trend of industry, 
except in two instances. A strong protest was made against 
the employment of women in section gangs and trucking in 
freight sheds. This condition was later remedied. 

In the matter of farm labor, it was recognized that there 
might be a call for women in gathering and caring for fruit 
crops. As this emergency labor was already eared for to an 
extent by the Harvesters' League, it was decided to leave this 
in their hands. 

This, in brief, covers the general tasks added to our al- 
ready determined program by the assumption of activities 
connected with the National Women's Committee. Beginning 
with January, 1918, the two lines of activity, federal and state, 
were merged to a great extent. 

In January, 1918, the Minute Women participated in a 
drive for $100,000.00 for the Y. W. C. A. This campaign was 
directed by the Y- M. C. A., but the field work was done large- 
ly by the Minute Women. 

[ 115 ] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

They took an increasing part in the Third Liberty Loan 
which came in April. In connection with this a state meeting 
was held in Seattle. The County Councillors from about two- 
thirds of the counties were present. A very helpful and infor- 
mal conference on war activities in general was held at this 
time. 

La May they gave such assistance to the Red Cross in its 
annual drive as was desired by its local representatives. In 
the latter part of this month, the Women's Division presented 
programs at the Seattle-Spokane Conferences. At Seattle, 
under their direction, conferences on Americanization and 
Child "Welfare were held. At Spokane, the main theme of the 
Woman's Section was "Food," this conference going heartily 
on record as favoring the "no-wheat" pledge until harvest. 

During the summer months attention was given especially 
to three subjects: 

First, weighing and measuring of children. 

Second, educational work bearing on commercial economy. 

Third, a campaign for the enlistment of student nurses. 
This work was assigned the Woman's Committee, at the re- 
quest of the War Department. The campaign was delayed and 
hindered by lack of supplies. Notwithstanding these difficul- 
ties, 320 young women registered for this work which meant 
two years of service before they could hope for any return 
from their efforts, save that of the satisfaction in knowing 
that they were doing their part in a great emergency. 

In September, at the urgent request of the National Com- 
mittee, it was decided to take part in the State Fair at Yakima. 
Our work was represented in four attractive booths in the 
main building, where information was given out and literature 
distributed- The booths represented Child Welfare, where 
children were weighed and measured; Americanization, where 
literature was on file; Food Administration, where actual 
demonstrating was done; Liberty Loan. Inasmuch as the 
Fourth Loan was approaching, it seemed wise to call the atten- 
tion of passing crowds to this fact. 

In October the Loan itself absorbed the activities of all. 
A separate report of these campaigns is to be given, as they 

[ 116 ] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

were directed by the Liberty Loan Committee, under the 
leadership of Mrs. Ellis. 

In October came the readjustment at "Washington which 
led to an amalgamation of the State Council section of the 
Council of National Defense and the "Woman's Committee, 
made effective through the Field Division, composed of both 
men and women. Had not the great events of November 11th 
transformed all our interests from war to peace, this reorgan- 
ization would doubtless have affected the futur ework of this 
Committee. As it was, it meant little more than the empha- 
sizing of the lines of work already undertaken and the defi- 
nite crossing off of those that had been left dormant. 

The Minute Women will have for their final task that of 
helping the Red Cross to place on its Christmas Roll the name 
of every loyal American. This seems fitting indeed that this 
task should engage them at this time, for they have remem- 
bered that ''America's business requireth haste," and the 
haste with which she answered has meant that the biggest 
task for our Red Cross is bringing help to the hungry and 
homeless ; not binding up wounds of hundreds of thousands of 
our young men, as another year's fighting would have meant. 

Following is a record of the faithful women, each of whom, 
in her appointed place, gave full measure of service to her 
country in the time of need. 

The success of this work, if indeed there has been any — 
certainly the pleasure and inspiration which has enabled the 
Chairman to keep steadily on, month by month, until the task 
was finished, arose from the fact that these devoted women 
never failed to answer when called to service. 



[ 117] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 



WASHINGTON DIVISION OF WOMAN'S COMMITTEE 



Honorary Chairman, Mrs. Ernest Lister, Olympia. 

Chairman, Mrs. J. S. McKee, Olympia. 

Vice-Chairman, Mrs. N. S. McCready, Snohomish. 

Secretary, Mrs. W. J. Patterson, Aberdeen. 

Allied Relief Department, Mrs. C. D. Stimson, Seattle. 

Americanization Department, Mrs. N. B. Walton, Tacoma. 

Child Welfare Department, Mrs. J. C. Todd, Tacoma. 

Educational Propaganda Department, Mrs. A. H. Albertson, Seattle. 

Food Administration Department, Miss Agnes Craig, Pullman. 

Food Production Department, Mrs. Winfield R. Smith, Seattle. 

Health and Recreation Department, Mrs. R. C. McCredie, Sunny- 
side. 

Maintenance of Social Agencies Department, Mrs. N. S. McCready, 
Snohomish. 

Women in Industry Department, Mrs. W. S. Griswold, Seattle. 

Associate — Liberty Loan and War Savings, Mrs. O. G. Ellis, 
Tacoma. 

Associate — Commercial Economy, Mrs. Helen N. Stevens, Seattle. 

District Chairmen: 

Mrs. Solon Shedd, Pullman. 
Mrs. W. M. Kern, Walla Walla. 
Mrs. Frank Reeves, Wenatchee. 
Mrs. W. J. Patterson, Aberdeen. 
Mrs. John MacFadon, Tacoma. 
Mrs. L. H. Mendenhal, Seattle. 
Mrs. C. X. Larrabee, Bellingham, 
Mrs. R. C. McCredie, Sunnyside, 

Members at Large 
Mrs. Eliza Ferry Leary, Seattle. 
Mrs. John Ewing Price, Seattle. 
Miss Julia Fletcher, Tacoma. 
Mrs. Emma Smith DeVoe, Tacoma. 
Mrs. Kate Carlin, Spokane. 
Mrs. Florence Griffin, Blaine. 
Miss Mary E. Brown, Seattle. 
Mrs. A. L. Carr, Seattle. 
Mrs. Josephine Preston, Olympia. 
Mrs. W. P. Harper, Seattle. 
Mrs. B. B. Buchanan, Seattle. 

[118 ] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

Prof. Effie I. Raitt, Seattle. 

Miss Mary Sutherland, Pullman. 

Miss Agnes Craig, Pullman. 

Dean Ethel Coldwell, Seattle, 

Mrs. Frederic W. Keator, Tacoma. 

Mrs. W. H. Udall, Tacoma. 

Miss Elizabeth MacDowell, Olympia. 

Mrs. Katie Mason, Spokane. 

Mrs. S. L. W. Clark, Seattle. 

Mrs. Julia A. Alliman, Everett. 

Mrs. Carrie Barr, Yakima. 

Miss Purington, Spokane. 

Mrs. J. P. Weyerhaeuser, Tacoma. 

Miss Mary A. Atkins, Cheney. 

Mrs. C. C. Brown, Everett. 

Mrs. Maud G. Barton, Seattle. 

Mrs. Minnie Schott, Tekoa. 

Mrs. Edith Harris, Bellingham. 

Mrs. C. B. Penrose, Walla Walla. 

Mrs. Edw. H. Todd, Tacoma. 

Mrs. S. E. Booker, Seattle. 

Mrs. Jessie E. Martin, Seattle. 

Mrs. S. Aronson, Seattle. 

Mrs. Chas. E. Peabody, Seattle. 

Mrs. W. S. Griswold, Seattle. 

Mrs. Clarence L. White, Seattle. 

Mrs. Marie Covington, Seattle. 

Dean Rhoda White, Pullman. 

County Councillors 

Mrs. George A. Day, Clarkston. 

Mrs. O. K. Williamson, Prosser. 

Mrs. Guy B. Browne, Wenatchee. 

Mrs. W. J. Ware, Port Angeles. 

Mrs. A. L. Miller, Vancouver. 

Mrs. R. R. Cahill, Dayton. 

Miss Lucia Jenkins, Kalama. 

Miss Edith Greenberg, Waterville. 

Mrs. W. T. Beck, Republic. 

Mrs. Mary I. Wehe, Pasco. 

Mrs. E. V. Kuykendall, Pomeroy. 

Mrs. D. T. Cross, Ephrata. 

Mrs. H. B. Brown, Aberdeen. 

Mrs. F. J. Pratt, Jr., Coupeville. 

Miss Edith DeLanty, Point Discovery. 

Mrs. Edgar Ames, Seattle. 

[119] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

Mrs. P. Harlow, Bremerton. 
Mrs. J. B. Davidson, EUensburg. 
Mrs. W. E. Brown, Vader. 
Mrs. F. H. McDermont, Davenport, 
Mrs. C. S. Norton, Shelton. 
Miss Georgian Donald, Okanogan. 
Mrs. John Welch, South Bend. 
Mrs. Julia Murphy, Newport. 
Mrs. C. P. Balabanoff, Tacoma. 
Mrs. T. R. Ramsden, Friday Harbor. 
Miss Mabel Graham, Mt. Vernon. 
Mrs. Theo. Lindis, Stevenson. 
Mrs. W. H. L. Ford, Everett. 
Mrs. F. A. Noteware, Spokane. 
Mrs. L. C. Jesseph, Colville, 
Mrs. J. W. Mowell, Olympia. 
Mrs. Henry Vinson, Skamokawa. 
Miss Grace Isaacs, Walla Walla. 
Mrs. Daniel Campbell, Bellingham. 
Mrs. Solon Shedd, Pullman. 
Mrs. A. E. Larson, Yakima. 

In closing this report, I cannot refrain from adding a 
word of appreciation for the splendid assistance given me in 
all my work by the members of the State Council. That which 
otherwise might have been difficult indeed became rather a 
source of pleasure and increased opportunity of service be- 
cause at all times the counsel and support of these patriotic 
citizens was at my disposal. 

Respectfully submitted, 

RUTH KARR McKEE. 



[ 120 ] 



Report of Washington State Cotmcil of Defense 



A REPORT OF THE 

WOMEN'S LIBERTY LOAN COMMITTEE OF THE STATE 

OF WASHINGTON FOR THE SECOND, THIRD 

AND FOURTH LIBERTY LOANS. 



To State Council of Defense : 

As chairman of the Woman 's Liberty Loan Committee for 
the State of Washington, I desire to submit the following 
report : 

On July 28th, 1917, I received a telegram from the Nation- 
al Woman's Liberty Loan Committee announcing that with the 
approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, Wm- G. McAdoo, 
I was appointed State Chairman for the Woman's Liberty 
Loan work for the State of Washington, instructing me to 
co-operate with the State Division of the Woman's Commit- 
tee of the National Council of Defense, the chairman of which 
had been appointed for this State. A letter of instructions 
followed, authorizing me to utilize such existing organizations 
for the promotion of the Second Liberty Loan as my judgment 
might direct. The State Council of Defense had been organ- 
ized a few months previous, and the Woman's Division plan- 
ned for the organization of the women of the State of Wash- 
ington for war service. The chairman of Woman's Work for 
the State Council of Defense was Mrs. J. S. McKee and the 
chairman of the Woman's Division, National Council of De- 
fense, was Mrs. Winfield Smith. These two committees of- 
fered the broadest opportunity of a State-wide organization. 
As a member of both committees, I asked their co-operation in 
the organization of the women of the State of Washington to 
promote the Second Liberty Loan. The Woman's Division 
was not in operation at this time and was unable to render 
any co-operation in the Liberty Loan work. My own avenue 
of State-wide organization was through the Woman's Depart- 
ment of the State Council of Defense, Mrs. McKee and I 
conferred and it was decided after receiving instructions from 
the National Woman's Liberty Loan committee to work in 

[ 121 ] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

conjunction with the Woman's Committee of the State Coun- 
cil of Defense, that the organization which we named the 
Minute Women of the State of Washington, with a county 
chairman in each county, would successfully reach the women 
throughout the State. This organization is described in detail 
in Mrs. McKee's report. 

For the Second Liberty Loan the County Chairman whom 
Mrs. McKee appointed to organize the Minute Women of each 
county, also appointed them as county chairmen of the 
Women's Liberty Loan Committee for the respective counties 
in the state. This gave me the privilege of utilizing the Min- 
ute Women as the Woman's Liberty Loan Committee in each 
county. 

Mr- J. A. Swalwell of Seattle was State Chairman for the 
Second Loan and organized the State Central Committee, ap- 
pointing me as State Chairman of the Woman's Liberty Loan 
activities, a member of the State Central Liberty Loan Com- 
mittee. This State Central Committee planned the Second 
Liberty Loan and divided the state into six districts; the 
Northwestern District, with Seattle as headquarters; the 
Southwestern District, with Tacoma as headquarters; the 
North Central District, with Wenatchee as headquarters; the 
South Central District, with Yakima as headquarters; the 
Northeastern District, with Spokane as headquarters, and the 
Southeastern District, with Walla Walla as headquarters. 

In addition to the county women chairmen of the State 
Council of Defense I appointed District Chairmen to co- 
operate with the six District Chairmen of the Lib- 
erty Loan Committee : Mrs. N. S. McCready, President of the 
Washington State Federation of Women's Clubs, as chairman 
for the Northwestern District; Mrs. W. J. Patterson of Aber- 
deen for the Southwestern District; Mrs. Frank Eeeves of 
Wenatchee for the North Central District; Mrs. K. C. Mc- 
Credie of Sunnyside for the Yakima District; Mrs. Sikko 
Barghoorn of Spokane for the Spokane District, and Mrs. W. 
N. Kern of Walla Walla for the Walla Walla District- These 
six district chairmen constituted the Executive Committee of 
the State Woman's Liberty Loan Committee. Mrs. Patterson 

[ 122 ] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

acted as First Vice Chairman and Mrs. N. S. McCready as 
Second Vice Chairman, These officers continued throughout 
the Liberty Loan organization. 

During the Second Liberty Loan drive the county chair- 
men conformed to the list of county chairmen of the Woman's 
committee of the State Council of Defense with the exception 
of Douglas County, where Mrs. W. F. Schluenz was appointed 
county chairman of the Woman's Liberty Loan work, and 
Okanogan County, where Mrs. J. R. Everett was appointed 
county chairman of the Woman's Liberty Loan work. Both 
of these appointments were made by the County Council of 
Defense and utilized the Minute Women of the County Coun- 
cils and co-operated with the County Liberty Loan organiza- 
tions- 
Second Liberty Loan 

During the Second Liberty Loan drive the Minute Woman 
organizations of the various counties were partially organized, 
having been called into existence only a few weeks prior to 
the Loan. They were on a majority of the County Liberty 
Loan Committees and Local Liberty Loan Committees and 
their work was confined principally to the educational propa- 
ganda of the Liberty Loan which was carried on through the 
Minute Woman service in carrying the information of the 
Liberty Loan from house to house, and through the many 
women's organizations which were represented on the State 
Committee for the women's work which Mrs. McKee had or- 
ganized as the Women's Committee of the State Council of 
Defense. 

Mrs. Josephine C. Preston, State Superintendent of Edu- 
cation, brought into co-operation with the Woman's Liberty 
Loan Committee the school organization of the entire State. 

For the Second Liberty Loan, the Women's State Liberty 
Loan chairman, acting upon the authority bestowed by the 
National Committee, appointed Mrs. Herbert Witherspoon 
chairman of the Woman's Liberty Loan Committee for the 
city of Spokane. During the Second Loan, in a few instances, 
women were made salesmen of the bonds, but their valuable 

[ 123 ] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

work was the promotion of the educational and publicity- 
phases of the Liberty Loan plans. 

Third Liberty Loan 

Before the opening of the Third Liberty Loan the county 
organizations of the Minute Women under the State Council 
of Defense had been greatly increased throughout the State, 
so that the organization was much more efficient in the Third 
Loan for the promotion of the many lines of activity that were 
required in the Liberty Loan for the Third Campaign. The 
co-operation between the Men's Committee and the Women's 
Committee was greatly increased. In all but six of the coun- 
ties of the State, the Woman's Liberty Loan county chairman 
was a member of the County Liberty Loan Committee and 
women were organized throughout the county, co-operating 
with the men on the committees and in the work of promot- 
ing the Third Loan. In twenty-five counties the women were 
made salesmen of bonds and in all but two counties of the 
State took an active part in many activities which promoted 
the success of this Loan. The co-operation between the men 
and women was so harmonious and desirable that no attempt 
was made to segregate the reports of the work done by the 
women for this Loan. In one instance only was it possible 
to accurately state the amount of bonds sold by the woman's 
organization. This was in the city of Spokane, where Mrs- 
Herbert Witherspoon as chairman of the Minute Woman ser- 
vice, which consisted of 1200 members who canvassed the city, 
was enabled to report that the women sold $1,300,000 worth 
of bonds. A few scattering records from various parts of the 
State showed that the women had actually sold to the amount 
of $2,474,300 worth of bonds. The men who were chairmen 
of the various County Liberty Loan Committees estimated the 
value of the women's work as in promoting the Third Liberty 
Loan at an average which gave the women of the State of 
Washington credit for selling about 43% of the bonds sold in 
this State. 



[ 124] 



Report of Washington State Council of Defense 

Fourth Liberty Loan 

Before the opening of the Fourth Liberty Loan the Min- 
ute Woman organization had been greatly perfected in its ef- 
ficiency throughout the counties and it became necessary to 
enlarge the State Woman's Liberty Loan Committee, which 
again co-operated with the State Central Liberty Loan Com- 
mittee under the State Chairman, Mr. J. A, Swalwell, In ad- 
dition to the woman's organization for the Third Loan there 
were added Mrs. John W. MacFadon of Tacoma, Chairman 
of the Finance Committee, and Mrs. Lowell Mellett of Tacoma, 
Chairman of the Publicity Committee, the district chairmen 
remaining the same. In the Fourth Loan the county chair- 
men were made members of the Liberty Loan Committee in 
thirty-seven out of the thirty-nine counties of the State and the 
women's organization work in these thirty-seven counties was 
closely correlated with the work of the men's committee. The 
co-operation in the work of the men and women has resulted 
in the splendid spirit of patriotic service of work for the Lib- 
erty Loan which gave little thought to the segregating of ac- 
counts, so that it has been impossible to give any exact figures 
of the amount of bonds which were due to the work of the 
women, but the value of their services has been deeply appre- 
ciated by the men who had charge of the Liberty Loan 
throughout the state. The report of the Fourth Liberty Loan 
credits to the women the sale of $10,741,207.50 worth of bonds, 
which was 18-4% plus of the state's quota. 

The result of the women's work in the Liberty Loan 
drives for the State of Washington has been to call the activ- 
ities of the women into the field of finance, which is new, but 
has trained them to be efficient workers in this new field. The 
co-operation of the men and women has resulted in the devel- 
opment of a fine commiuiity spirit, and the women's know- 
ledge of the plans of war finance which will make them more 
valuable as citizens and more competent to meet the new 
emergencies which may arise with the reconstruction which 
peace will make necessary. 

Kespectfully submitted, 
(MRS. OVERTON G.) JENNIE WILHITE ELLIS, 

State Chairman Woman's L. L. Com. 



